Introduction to Cold Shrink Termination Technology

冷缩终端技术简介

Cold shrink technology represents a revolutionary advancement in medium voltage cable termination methods, offering significant advantages over traditional heat shrink applications. Developed over 40 years ago by 3M, this technology has become the industry standard for reliable and efficient cable terminations ranging from 5 kV to 145 kV applications. The cold shrink method eliminates the need for heat guns, torches, or special installation equipment, thereby reducing installation time and improving safety on site.

冷缩技术是中压电缆终端连接方法的革命性进步，与传统热缩应用相比具有显著优势。该技术由3M公司在40多年前开发，现已成为5kV至145kV应用中可靠高效电缆终端的行业标准。冷缩方法无需热风枪、火炬或特殊安装设备，从而减少了安装时间并提高了现场安全性。

The principle behind cold shrink technology involves pre-stretched elastomeric sleeves that are factory-expanded over a removable core. During installation, when the core is removed, the sleeve contracts onto the cable surface, creating a constant radial pressure that ensures superior environmental sealing and long-term electrical performance. This constant squeezing force maintains interface integrity even when cables experience thermal cycling or mechanical movement.

冷缩技术的原理是将预拉伸的弹性套管在工厂中扩展到可拆卸的芯轴上。在安装过程中，当芯轴被移除时，套管收缩到电缆表面，产生恒定的径向压力，确保优异的环境密封性和长期电气性能。这种恒定的挤压力即使在电缆经历热循环或机械运动时也能保持界面完整性。

Understanding (N)TSCGEWÖU 10kV Cable Specifications

(N)TSCGEWÖU 10kV电缆规格说明

The (N)TSCGEWÖU cable designation represents a specific type of medium voltage power cable commonly used in distribution networks. These cables typically feature cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) insulation, which offers excellent electrical properties, thermal stability, and moisture resistance. The voltage rating of 10kV (which corresponds to a 15kV termination accessory grade as recommended by industry standards) makes these cables suitable for urban power distribution, industrial facilities, and renewable energy installations.

(N)TSCGEWÖU电缆名称代表配电网中常用的特定类型中压电力电缆。这些电缆通常采用交联聚乙烯(XLPE)绝缘，具有优异的电气性能、热稳定性和防潮性。10kV的电压等级（按照行业标准建议应使用15kV等级的终端附件）使这些电缆适用于城市配电、工业设施和可再生能源装置。

Applicable Standards and Regulations

适用标准和规范

The installation of cold shrink termination kits for 10kV cables must comply with multiple international and regional standards to ensure safety, reliability, and performance. These standards govern the design, testing, and installation procedures for medium voltage cable accessories.

10kV电缆冷缩终端套件的安装必须符合多项国际和地区标准，以确保安全性、可靠性和性能。这些标准规范了中压电缆附件的设计、测试和安装程序。

According to IEEE standards and industry best practices, 10kV rated cables should utilize termination kits with a voltage grade of 15kV to provide adequate electrical safety margins and ensure long-term reliability under operational stresses.

根据IEEE标准和行业最佳实践，10kV额定电缆应使用15kV电压等级的终端套件，以提供足够的电气安全裕度并确保在运行应力下的长期可靠性。

Required Tools and Materials

所需工具和材料

Essential Installation Tools (基本安装工具)

• Cable knife with replaceable blades (带可更换刀片的电缆刀)
• Ring cutting tool for jacket removal (用于外护套去除的环切工具)
• Semiconductor layer removal tool (半导体层去除工具)
• Insulation stripping tool or precision knife (绝缘剥离工具或精密刀)
• Measuring tape and marking pen (卷尺和标记笔)
• Wire brush for cleaning metallic shields (用于清洁金属屏蔽的钢丝刷)
• Clean lint-free cloth (无绒布)
• Alcohol-based cleaning solution (酒精清洁溶液)
• Crimping tool for conductor connections (导体连接用压接工具)
• Torque wrench for proper tightening (用于正确拧紧的扭矩扳手)

Cold Shrink Termination Kit Components (冷缩终端套件组件)

• Pre-expanded stress control tube with removable core (带可拆卸芯轴的预扩张应力控制管)
• Cold shrink insulating tube (冷缩绝缘管)
• Skirted weather shed (outdoor applications) (裙边防水罩 – 户外应用)
• Grounding braid or strap (接地编织带或接地带)
• Terminal lug (copper or aluminum) (端子接线鼻 – 铜或铝)
• Constant force spring (if applicable) (恒力弹簧 – 如适用)
• Sealing mastic or tape (密封胶泥或胶带)
• Installation instructions from manufacturer (制造商的安装说明)

It is critical to verify that all components are compatible with the specific cable size, insulation diameter, and voltage rating before beginning the installation process. The cold shrink kit should be stored in a clean, dry environment and brought to ambient temperature before installation to ensure optimal performance.

在开始安装过程之前，必须验证所有组件与特定的电缆尺寸、绝缘直径和额定电压兼容。冷缩套件应存放在清洁干燥的环境中，并在安装前达到环境温度，以确保最佳性能。

Step-by-Step Installation Procedure

分步安装程序

Step 1: Cable Preparation and Safety Verification (步骤1: 电缆准备和安全验证)

Before commencing any work, ensure the cable is completely de-energized and locked out according to local safety regulations. Verify the absence of voltage using appropriate testing equipment. Clean the cable surface to remove any dirt, moisture, or contaminants that could compromise the termination integrity.

在开始任何工作之前，请确保电缆完全断电并按照当地安全规定进行锁定。使用适当的测试设备验证没有电压。清洁电缆表面以去除任何可能影响终端完整性的污垢、湿气或污染物。

Step 2: Measurement and Marking (步骤2: 测量和标记)

Using the dimensions provided in the manufacturer’s installation guide, carefully measure and mark the cable jacket, metallic shield, outer semiconducting layer, and insulation stripping lengths. Accurate measurements are essential to ensure proper fit of the cold shrink components and adequate electrical clearances. For 10kV applications, typical dimensions might include:

使用制造商安装指南中提供的尺寸，仔细测量并标记电缆外护套、金属屏蔽层、外半导电层和绝缘剥离长度。准确的测量对于确保冷缩组件的正确配合和足够的电气间隙至关重要。对于10kV应用，典型尺寸可能包括：

Always consult the specific termination kit’s installation manual for exact dimensions, as these can vary by manufacturer and cable size.

始终查阅特定终端套件的安装手册以获取确切尺寸，因为这些尺寸可能因制造商和电缆尺寸而异。

Step 3: Cable Jacket Removal (步骤3: 电缆外护套去除)

Using a ring cutting tool, carefully score the cable jacket at the marked location. The incision should penetrate only through the jacket thickness without damaging the metallic shield beneath. After ring cutting, make a longitudinal slit and remove the jacket section. Inspect the exposed shield to ensure no damage occurred during jacket removal.

使用环切工具，在标记位置小心地刻划电缆外护套。切口应仅穿透护套厚度而不损坏下面的金属屏蔽层。环切后，进行纵向切割并去除护套部分。检查暴露的屏蔽层以确保在护套去除过程中没有发生损坏。

Step 4: Metallic Shield Processing (步骤4: 金属屏蔽层处理)

For copper tape shields, use PVC tape to temporarily mark the shield termination point. Carefully tear the copper tape along the edge of the PVC marker, ensuring uniform and neat fracture without sharp edges or burrs. If the cable uses wire braid shielding, fold it back carefully along a constant force spring if provided. The shield must be clean and free from sharp points that could cause electrical stress concentration.

对于铜带屏蔽，使用PVC胶带临时标记屏蔽终止点。沿着PVC标记的边缘小心地撕开铜带，确保均匀整齐的断裂，没有锋利的边缘或毛刺。如果电缆使用编织线屏蔽，如果提供恒力弹簧，则沿其小心地折回。屏蔽层必须清洁，没有可能导致电应力集中的尖锐点。

Step 5: Semiconducting Layer Removal (步骤5: 半导电层去除)

The outer semiconducting layer must be removed with extreme care to avoid scoring or damaging the underlying XLPE insulation. First make a circumferential cut at the marked position using a specialized semiconductor removal tool or a very sharp knife held at a shallow angle. Then make a longitudinal cut and peel away the semiconductor layer. After removal, clean the exposed insulation surface thoroughly with alcohol and a lint-free cloth to remove any semiconducting residue, as even small particles can lead to surface tracking and eventual failure.

必须极其小心地去除外半导电层，以避免划伤或损坏下面的交联聚乙烯绝缘层。首先使用专用的半导体去除工具或以浅角度握持的非常锋利的刀在标记位置进行环形切割。然后进行纵向切割并剥离半导体层。去除后，用酒精和无绒布彻底清洁暴露的绝缘表面，以去除任何半导电残留物，因为即使是小颗粒也可能导致表面闪络和最终故障。

Step 6: Insulation Stripping and Conductor Preparation (步骤6: 绝缘剥离和导体准备)

Strip the cable insulation to the required length using an insulation stripping tool or precision knife. Work carefully in a helical pattern around the conductor to avoid nicking the copper or aluminum strands. Once the conductor is exposed, clean it thoroughly and inspect for any damage. If using aluminum conductors, apply joint compound to prevent oxidation. The conductor surface must be clean, bright, and free from oxidation before installing the terminal lug.

使用绝缘剥离工具或精密刀将电缆绝缘剥离到所需长度。围绕导体以螺旋模式小心工作，以避免划伤铜或铝股线。一旦导体暴露，彻底清洁并检查是否有任何损坏。如果使用铝导体，涂抹接头复合物以防止氧化。在安装端子接线鼻之前，导体表面必须清洁、明亮且无氧化。

Step 7: Terminal Lug Installation (步骤7: 端子接线鼻安装)

Select the appropriate terminal lug based on the conductor size and material. Apply joint compound if required, then insert the conductor fully into the lug barrel. Using a calibrated hydraulic crimping tool, crimp the lug according to the manufacturer’s specifications. Most applications require compression crimping with specified die sizes to ensure proper electrical contact and mechanical strength. After crimping, verify that the conductor cannot be pulled out of the lug.

根据导体尺寸和材料选择合适的端子接线鼻。如有需要涂抹接头复合物，然后将导体完全插入接线鼻套筒。使用校准的液压压接工具，按照制造商的规格压接接线鼻。大多数应用需要使用指定的模具尺寸进行压缩压接，以确保正确的电接触和机械强度。压接后，验证导体不能从接线鼻中拉出。

Step 8: Stress Control Tube Installation (步骤8: 应力控制管安装)

The stress control component is perhaps the most critical element of the termination, as it manages the electrical field distribution at the point where the cable shield ends. Position the cold shrink stress control tube over the prepared cable end, ensuring it overlaps adequately with both the semiconducting shield cutoff point and extends sufficiently onto the cleaned insulation. Following the manufacturer’s instructions, slowly and steadily pull the removal cord in a counterclockwise direction. The pre-expanded tube will contract smoothly onto the cable, creating intimate contact and proper electrical stress distribution.

应力控制组件可能是终端最关键的元件，因为它管理电缆屏蔽终止点处的电场分布。将冷缩应力控制管定位在准备好的电缆端部上，确保它与半导电屏蔽切断点充分重叠，并充分延伸到清洁的绝缘层上。按照制造商的说明，缓慢稳定地逆时针方向拉动拆卸绳。预扩张管将平滑地收缩到电缆上，形成紧密接触和适当的电应力分布。

Step 9: Insulating Tube Application (步骤9: 绝缘管应用)

Position the cold shrink insulating tube over the assembly, ensuring it provides adequate overlap with the stress control tube (typically 15-25mm minimum) and extends to cover the required length up to the terminal connection. Remove the support core by pulling the extraction cord counterclockwise in a smooth, continuous motion. The tube should contract uniformly without wrinkles or air pockets. Visual inspection should confirm complete, intimate contact across the entire interface.

将冷缩绝缘管定位在组件上，确保它与应力控制管提供足够的重叠（通常最少15-25mm），并延伸到覆盖所需长度直至端子连接。通过以平滑连续的动作逆时针拉动拆卸绳来去除支撑芯轴。管应均匀收缩，没有皱纹或气泡。目视检查应确认整个界面完全紧密接触。

Step 10: Weather Protection (Outdoor Terminations) (步骤10: 防风雨保护 – 户外终端)

For outdoor applications, install the skirted weather shed component. This silicone rubber component provides tracking resistance and protects the termination from environmental contamination, UV radiation, and moisture ingress. The weather shed typically features multiple skirts that increase the creepage distance and prevent surface flashover during wet or polluted conditions. Install according to the manufacturer’s specifications, ensuring proper positioning and complete shrinkage.

对于户外应用，安装裙边防风雨罩组件。这种硅橡胶组件提供防漏电性能，保护终端免受环境污染、紫外线辐射和湿气侵入。防风雨罩通常具有多个裙边，可增加爬电距离并防止在潮湿或污染条件下的表面闪络。按照制造商的规格安装，确保正确定位和完全收缩。

Step 11: Grounding Connection (步骤11: 接地连接)

Establish a proper grounding connection for the cable shield. Attach the grounding braid or strap to the folded-back metallic shield using appropriate connectors or clamps. Ensure the ground connection provides low impedance and is mechanically secure. The grounding system must comply with local electrical codes and standards to ensure personnel safety and proper fault current handling.

为电缆屏蔽建立适当的接地连接。使用适当的连接器或夹具将接地编织带或接地带连接到折回的金属屏蔽层。确保接地连接提供低阻抗并且机械上牢固。接地系统必须符合当地电气规范和标准，以确保人员安全和适当的故障电流处理。

Step 12: Final Inspection and Testing (步骤12: 最终检查和测试)

Conduct a thorough visual inspection of the completed termination. Verify that all components are properly seated, that there are no visible defects, gaps, or contamination, and that proper overlap dimensions have been maintained. Check that the terminal lug connection is secure and that all grounding connections are tight. Before energizing the cable, perform electrical tests according to IEEE 400.2 or local utility standards. These tests may include insulation resistance measurement, partial discharge testing, and high-potential (hi-pot) testing to verify the integrity of the installation.

对完成的终端进行彻底的目视检查。验证所有组件是否正确就位，是否没有可见的缺陷、间隙或污染，以及是否保持了适当的重叠尺寸。检查端子接线鼻连接是否牢固，所有接地连接是否紧固。在电缆通电之前，根据IEEE 400.2或当地公用事业标准进行电气测试。这些测试可能包括绝缘电阻测量、局部放电测试和高电位（高压）测试，以验证安装的完整性。

Critical Installation Considerations

关键安装注意事项

Environmental Factors (环境因素)

Cold shrink terminations should be installed within the temperature range specified by the manufacturer, typically between -10°C and +40°C ambient temperature. Extreme temperatures can affect the elastomeric properties and shrinking characteristics. Avoid installation in direct sunlight, rain, or high humidity conditions. If installation must occur in adverse weather, provide adequate shelter and ensure all cable surfaces are completely dry before applying cold shrink components.

冷缩终端应在制造商指定的温度范围内安装，通常为-10°C至+40°C环境温度。极端温度可能影响弹性特性和收缩特性。避免在阳光直射、雨天或高湿度条件下安装。如果必须在恶劣天气下安装，请提供足够的遮蔽，并确保在应用冷缩组件之前所有电缆表面完全干燥。

Cleanliness Requirements (清洁要求)

The importance of cleanliness cannot be overstated in cold shrink termination installation. Any contamination, moisture, or semiconducting particles left on the insulation surface can create paths for current leakage and eventual tracking failure. Use only approved cleaning solvents (typically isopropyl alcohol) and lint-free cloths. Allow adequate drying time after cleaning before proceeding with component installation.

在冷缩终端安装中，清洁的重要性怎么强调都不为过。留在绝缘表面上的任何污染、湿气或半导电颗粒都可能产生漏电路径并最终导致闪络故障。仅使用批准的清洁溶剂（通常为异丙醇）和无绒布。清洁后在继续安装组件之前留出足够的干燥时间。

Common Installation Errors to Avoid (要避免的常见安装错误)

• Insufficient cleaning of insulation surfaces leaving semiconducting residue (绝缘表面清洁不充分留下半导电残留物)
• Damaging the insulation during semiconductor layer removal (在半导体层去除过程中损坏绝缘)
• Inadequate overlap between stress control and insulating tubes (应力控制管和绝缘管之间重叠不足)
• Pulling the removal cord too quickly causing uneven shrinkage (拉动拆卸绳过快导致收缩不均)
• Installing components when cold, preventing proper shrinkage (在寒冷时安装组件，阻止正确收缩)
• Sharp edges on cut shield causing electrical stress points (切割屏蔽上的锋利边缘导致电应力点)
• Improper lug crimping resulting in high resistance connections (不正确的接线鼻压接导致高阻连接)

Quality Assurance and Performance Verification

质量保证和性能验证

According to industry data from leading manufacturers, properly installed cold shrink terminations demonstrate exceptional reliability with failure rates as low as 0.022% for medium voltage applications. This superior performance results from the constant radial pressure maintained by the elastomeric materials, which prevents void formation between the accessory and cable that commonly occurs with heat shrink alternatives during thermal cycling.

根据领先制造商的行业数据，正确安装的冷缩终端在中压应用中表现出卓越的可靠性，故障率低至0.022%。这种优越的性能源于弹性材料保持的恒定径向压力，可防止在热循环期间热缩替代品常见的附件和电缆之间的空隙形成。

Post-installation testing should include insulation resistance measurements (typically requiring values greater than 1000 megohms for 10kV systems), partial discharge testing to verify the absence of internal defects, and verification of proper grounding continuity. These tests ensure the termination will perform reliably throughout its expected service life of 30 years or more.

安装后测试应包括绝缘电阻测量（对于10kV系统通常要求值大于1000兆欧），局部放电测试以验证没有内部缺陷，以及验证适当的接地连续性。这些测试确保终端在其预期30年或更长的使用寿命内可靠运行。

Conclusion

结论

The installation of cold shrink termination kits on (N)TSCGEWÖU 10kV cables represents a critical skilled operation that requires careful attention to detail, proper tools, and adherence to established standards. When performed correctly following the procedures outlined in this guide and manufacturer specifications, cold shrink terminations provide superior long-term reliability, excellent environmental sealing, and robust electrical performance. The elimination of heat sources during installation not only improves safety but also reduces installation time and eliminates the risk of insulation damage from overheating.

在(N)TSCGEWÖU 10kV电缆上安装冷缩终端套件是一项关键的技术操作，需要仔细注意细节、适当的工具以及遵守既定标准。当按照本指南和制造商规格中概述的程序正确执行时，冷缩终端提供卓越的长期可靠性、优异的环境密封性和强大的电气性能。在安装过程中消除热源不仅提高了安全性，还减少了安装时间并消除了过热导致绝缘损坏的风险。

For distribution network operators, industrial facilities, and renewable energy projects utilizing 10kV cable systems, investing in high-quality cold shrink termination kits and ensuring proper installation by trained personnel delivers significant value through enhanced system reliability, reduced maintenance requirements, and extended asset service life.

对于使用10kV电缆系统的配电网运营商、工业设施和可再生能源项目，投资于高质量的冷缩终端套件并确保由训练有素的人员正确安装，通过增强系统可靠性、减少维护需求和延长资产使用寿命，提供了显著的价值。

References and Further Reading

参考文献和延伸阅读

1. 3M Company. “3M Cold Shrink Medium Voltage Cable Accessories.” 3M Power Distribution, https://www.3m.com/3M/en_US/power-distribution-us/cold-shrink/ (accessed January 2026).
2. TE Connectivity. “Raychem CST Cold Shrink Terminations – Technical Documentation.” TE Connectivity Energy, https://www.te.com/en/product-CAT-CST.html (accessed January 2026).
3. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. IEEE Standard 404-2012: IEEE Standard for Extruded and Laminated Dielectric Shielded Cable Joints Rated 2.5 kV to 500 kV. New York: IEEE, 2012.
4. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. IEEE Standard 48-2020: IEEE Standard for Test Procedures and Requirements for Alternating-Current Cable Terminations Used on Shielded Cables Having Laminated Insulation Rated 2.5 kV through 765 kV or Extruded Insulation Rated 2.5 kV through 500 kV. New York: IEEE, 2020.
5. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. IEEE Standard 1816-2013: IEEE Guide for Preparation Techniques of Extruded Dielectric, Shielded Cables Rated 2.5 kV through 46 kV and the Installation of Mating Accessories. New York: IEEE, 2013.
6. CENELEC. HD 629.1 S2:2006 – Distribution cables with extruded insulation for rated voltages from 3.6/6 (7.2) kV to 20.8/36 (42) kV – Part 1: Cables for rated voltages 3.6/6 (7.2) kV up to and including 18/30 (36) kV. Brussels: CENELEC, 2006.
7. International Electrotechnical Commission. IEC 60502-4:2010 – Power cables with extruded insulation and their accessories for rated voltages from 1 kV (Um = 1.2 kV) up to 30 kV (Um = 36 kV) – Part 4: Test requirements on accessories for cables with rated voltages from 6 kV (Um = 7.2 kV) up to 30 kV (Um = 36 kV). Geneva: IEC, 2010.
8. Hubbell Power Systems. “HYSEAL Medium Voltage Cold Shrink Termination Kits.” BURNDY Products, https://www.hubbell.com/burndy/en/medium-voltage-cold-shrink-termination-kits (accessed January 2026).
9. ZMS Cable. “Design, Production, and Installation of Cable Termination and Joints for 10kV Cable Projects.” ZMS kV Cable Technical Documentation, https://kvcable.com/design-production-of-cable-termination-and-joints-for-10kv-cable-projects/, April 2022 (accessed January 2026).
10. Raychem RPG. “Medium Voltage Joints & Terminations – Technical Standards Compliance.” Raychem RPG Power Cable Accessories, https://www.raychemrpg.com/reliable-connections/power-cable-accessories/medium-voltage-joints-terminations/ (accessed January 2026).