The RHEYFIRM®(RTS) (N)TSCGEWTOEUS OF represents the apex of medium-voltage reeling cable engineering for harbour environments — combining Nexans’ RTS ultra-fine conductor technology, RHEYCLEAN® peroxide-cured EPDM insulation with semi-conductive screens, high-tensile aramid-reinforced anti-torsion braid, and the critical “OF” (oil-and-flame-resistant) designation that elevates the 5GM5 polychloroprene outer sheath to a specialised sandwich construction engineered for maximum salt fog resistance, hydrocarbon tolerance, and flame retardancy simultaneously. This cable occupies a unique position in the port cable hierarchy: it is the only production reeling cable that delivers medium-voltage power transmission (3/6 kV to 18/30 kV), extreme mechanical stress tolerance (torsion, multi-plane deflection, and reeling speeds up to 270 m/min), and salt fog endurance exceeding 1,000 hours per ISO 9227 — three performance domains that no other single cable platform addresses simultaneously. This article provides a comprehensive layer-by-layer engineering analysis, comparative evaluation against the four closest competing cable families, and detailed specification of FeiChun’s FC-RHEYFIRM-RTS-OF equivalent with enhanced anti-salt-fog architecture.

RHEYFIRM®(RTS) (N)TSCGEWTOEUS OF — The Ultimate Salt-Fog Upgraded Medium-Voltage Reeling Cable for Harbour Service: Layer-by-Layer Engineering Analysis, Comparative Performance Evaluation Against RHEYFIRM®(SI) NTMCGCWOEUS, Standard RHEYFIRM®(RTS), RHEYCORD®-OFE SR, and BUFLEX® SEM OFE, with FeiChun FC-RHEYFIRM-RTS-OF Enhanced Anti-Corrosion Equivalent
The RHEYFIRM®(RTS) (N)TSCGEWTOEUS OF represents the apex of medium-voltage reeling cable engineering for harbour environments — combining Nexans’ RTS ultra-fine conductor technology, RHEYCLEAN® peroxide-cured EPDM insulation with semi-conductive screens, high-tensile aramid-reinforced anti-torsion braid, and the critical “OF” (oil-and-flame-resistant) designation that elevates the 5GM5 polychloroprene outer sheath to a specialised sandwich construction engineered for maximum salt fog resistance, hydrocarbon tolerance, and flame retardancy simultaneously. This cable occupies a unique position in the port cable hierarchy: it is the only production reeling cable that delivers medium-voltage power transmission (3/6 kV to 18/30 kV), extreme mechanical stress tolerance (torsion, multi-plane deflection, and reeling speeds up to 270 m/min), and salt fog endurance exceeding 1,000 hours per ISO 9227 — three performance domains that no other single cable platform addresses simultaneously. This article provides a comprehensive layer-by-layer engineering analysis, comparative evaluation against the four closest competing cable families, and detailed specification of FeiChun’s FC-RHEYFIRM-RTS-OF equivalent with enhanced anti-salt-fog architecture.
Extended technical guide for port electrical engineers, STS crane OEMs, ship unloader integrators, stacker reclaimer manufacturers, and terminal procurement teams covering: the engineering rationale for the “OF” salt-fog upgrade versus standard RHEYFIRM(RTS); detailed deconstruction of each cable layer from RTS conductor stranding through semi-conductive RHEYSTRIP® screens, RHEYCLEAN® EPDM insulation, inner rubber sheath, aramid anti-torsion braid, and 5GM5 OFE outer sheath; chloride diffusion modelling through the OFE sandwich sheath construction; comparative evaluation matrix covering RHEYFIRM®(SI) NTMCGCWOEUS (silicone-insulated standard MV), RHEYFIRM®(RTS) (N)TSCGEWTOEUS (standard RTS without OF upgrade), RHEYCORD®-OFE SR (low-voltage OFE spreader cable), and BUFLEX® SEM OFE (premium energy-chain OFE); ISO 9227 salt spray test methodology and field-correlation analysis; and FeiChun’s FC-RHEYFIRM-RTS-OF equivalent cable with FC-TCB™ conductor treatment, nano-clay-enhanced EPDM insulation, FC-ASB™ aramid braid, and enhanced 5GM5+ OFE sheath formulation.
1. Why the “OF” Designation Matters: The Salt-Fog Upgrade That Transforms MV Reeling Cable Service Life
In the Nexans RHEYFIRM® product nomenclature, the “OF” suffix (Öl- und Flammwidrig — oil- and flame-resistant) denotes a fundamental upgrade to the outer sheath compound that extends far beyond simple hydrocarbon resistance. The OF variant of the RHEYFIRM®(RTS) (N)TSCGEWTOEUS transforms a cable that already occupies the premium performance tier — RTS ultra-fine conductors, RHEYCLEAN® EPDM insulation, 5GM5 marine-grade polychloroprene sheath, six-core medium-voltage design with semi-conductive screens — into a cable purpose-engineered for the most chemically hostile operating environments that industrial reeling systems encounter: harbour terminals in ISO 9223 corrosivity category C5-M (marine), petrochemical port facilities with combined salt fog and hydrocarbon vapour exposure, and tropical coastal terminals where sustained humidity exceeding 90% RH compounds the corrosive effects of airborne chloride ions.
The engineering significance of the OF upgrade can be quantified through a single metric: salt fog endurance per ISO 9227 increases from 800–1,200 hours (standard RHEYFIRM RTS) to 1,000–1,500 hours (OF variant) — a 25–40% improvement that translates directly into extended harbour service life. More importantly, the OF sheath’s enhanced oil resistance reduces the surface energy of the sheath exterior, which reduces the adhesion of salt crystals to the cable surface during service. This secondary mechanism — reduced salt accumulation — is not captured by ISO 9227 testing (which applies continuous salt spray regardless of surface adhesion characteristics) but has measurable impact on real-world service life in ports where intermittent rain washes salt deposits from low-adhesion surfaces but not from standard polychloroprene surfaces where salt crystals embed in the polymer micro-texture.
The practical consequence for harbour engineers is significant. In a C5-M port environment, the standard RHEYFIRM®(RTS) (N)TSCGEWTOEUS delivers 8–12 years of service life. The OF variant extends this to 10–15 years — an additional 2–3 years per installation cycle. For an STS gantry crane with two medium-voltage reeling cables (typically 3×95+3×50/3 at 6/10 kV or 8.7/15 kV), each cable replacement requires 4–7 days of crane downtime. Over a 25-year crane service life, the OF variant eliminates one complete replacement cycle compared to the standard variant, saving US$200,000–400,000 per crane in combined cable material, installation labour, and revenue-loss costs.
The full designation RHEYFIRM®(RTS) (N)TSCGEWTOEUS OF encodes the cable’s entire construction in German VDE convention. N — Normenleitung (standard cable). T — Trommelleitung (drum/reeling cable). S — Starkstrom (power current). C — Geschirmte Adern (screened cores, i.e., semi-conductive layers). G — Gummi-Isolation (rubber insulation). E — EPDM-based insulation compound. W — Wellenschlag (anti-torsion, wave-lay construction). T — Tragfähig (load-bearing, i.e., reinforced with high-tensile braid). O — Ohne Metallmantel (without metallic sheath). E — Elastomer-Außenmantel (elastomer outer sheath). U — Unbewehrt (unarmoured). S — Schlagwetterfest (resistant to explosive atmospheres/heavy-duty). OF — Öl- und Flammwidrig (oil- and flame-resistant enhanced). RTS — Rheyfirm Torsion Spezial (ultra-fine stranding optimised for torsion and high-speed reeling). Each element of this designation corresponds to a specific construction layer examined in the following sections.
2. Layer-by-Layer Engineering: Deconstructing the RHEYFIRM®(RTS) (N)TSCGEWTOEUS OF
The RHEYFIRM®(RTS) (N)TSCGEWTOEUS OF is a six-core medium-voltage reeling cable comprising three phase cores and three protective earth cores arranged in the interstices of the phase-core lay-up. The cable is manufactured to DIN VDE 0250 part 813 (medium-voltage reeling cables) with additional compliance to DIN VDE 0295 (conductor standards), DIN VDE 0298 (current-carrying capacity), DIN VDE 0472 (testing), and prEN 50363 (insulation and sheathing compounds). The voltage range spans 3.6/6 kV through 18/30 kV, with the 6/10 kV and 8.7/15 kV variants being most commonly specified for STS crane and ship unloader applications.
The cable’s construction, from innermost to outermost layer, comprises seven distinct engineering layers, each contributing to the cable’s combined mechanical, electrical, and anti-corrosion performance. The following sections examine each layer in detail, with specific attention to how the OF variant’s construction differs from the standard RHEYFIRM(RTS) and how each layer contributes to overall salt fog resistance.
| Layer | Component | Material | Standard | Salt Fog Function |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Phase & earth conductors | RTS ultra-fine stranded tinned copper | Better than IEC 60228 Class 5 | Tin barrier prevents Cu pitting corrosion |
| 2 | Inner semi-conductive layer | RHEYSTRIP® EVA-based compound | DIN VDE 0207-20 | Moisture barrier; easy cold-strip for termination |
| 3 | Insulation | RHEYCLEAN® EPDM (peroxide-cured) | DIN VDE 0207-20 | Low Cl⁻ diffusion; high cross-link density |
| 4 | Outer semi-conductive layer | RHEYSTRIP® EVA-based compound | DIN VDE 0207-20 | Secondary chloride barrier; field grading |
| 5 | Inner sheath | Special synthetic rubber (better than GM1b) | DIN VDE 0207-21 | Mechanical protection + moisture seal |
| 6 | Anti-torsion reinforcement | High-tensile synthetic threads (aramid/polyester) | DIN VDE 0250-813 | Non-metallic: zero corrosion pathway |
| 7 | Outer sheath | 5GM5 OFE polychloroprene (sandwich construction) | DIN VDE 0207-21 + EN 60811-2-1 | Primary salt fog barrier; oil/flame resistant |
3. RTS Ultra-Fine Conductor Technology: Corrosion-Fatigue Resistance at the Molecular Level
The “RTS” designation (Rheyfirm Torsion Spezial) represents a conductor stranding technology that exceeds IEC 60228 Class 5 requirements. Where standard Class 5 conductors use individual strand diameters of 0.15–0.21 mm, RTS conductors employ ultra-fine strands with diameters of 0.10–0.12 mm. This seemingly minor dimensional change — a reduction of approximately 30–50% in individual strand diameter — produces three engineering consequences that are profoundly significant for harbour cable durability.
Increased Strand Count and Stress Distribution
For a given conductor cross-section (e.g., 95 mm²), reducing strand diameter from 0.21 mm to 0.10 mm increases the number of individual strands by approximately 4.4× (from roughly 760 strands to approximately 3,350 strands). During bending, the tensile stress on the outermost strands is inversely proportional to the bend radius — but the total bending force is distributed across 4.4× more strands, reducing the stress per strand by approximately 75%. This stress reduction extends the cable’s fatigue life (bending cycles to conductor fracture) by approximately 3–5× compared to Class 5 stranding — the primary reason RTS cables achieve 120,000+ flex cycles versus 40,000–60,000 for Class 5.
Tin Coating Integrity Under Cyclic Bending
The critical salt-fog-relevant consequence of ultra-fine stranding is its effect on the protective tin coating. During cyclic bending, individual copper strands slide against each other (inter-strand friction). In Class 5 stranding with 0.21 mm diameter strands, the contact pressure between adjacent strands is sufficient to abrade the tin coating at contact points within 10,000–20,000 flex cycles, exposing bare copper to any chloride ions that have permeated through the insulation. In RTS stranding with 0.10 mm diameter strands, the inter-strand contact pressure is reduced by approximately 60% (because each strand carries less load), and the tin coating survives 40,000–60,000 flex cycles before significant abrasion occurs. This 3–4× extension of tin coating integrity directly delays the onset of chloride-induced copper pitting corrosion — the dominant conductor degradation mechanism in harbour cables.
Research in copper conductor fatigue published in the Journal of Materials Science has demonstrated that fine-stranded copper conductors exhibit measurably lower susceptibility to environmentally assisted cracking (EAC) than coarse-stranded equivalents. The mechanism involves the relationship between strand surface area and corrosion pit depth: in fine strands, a corrosion pit of given depth (determined by chloride exposure time) represents a larger fraction of the strand cross-section, but the total number of pits per conductor cross-section is distributed across far more strands, so individual pit growth rates are reduced due to the cathodic-area-to-anodic-area ratio change. This finding supports the empirical observation that RTS conductors in port service maintain lower DC resistance increase rates (less than 5% over 10 years) compared to Class 5 conductors (10–20% over the same period) under equivalent salt fog exposure conditions.
FeiChun FC-TCB™ Enhancement: Beyond Standard Tinning
FeiChun’s FC-RHEYFIRM-RTS-OF equivalent employs FC-TCB™ (Tin-Copper-Barrier) conductor treatment on RTS-grade ultra-fine stranding. The FC-TCB process applies hot-tin-dipping with a minimum coating thickness of 2.5 μm (versus 1.0–1.5 μm for standard tinned conductors) and develops a controlled Cu₆Sn₅ intermetallic layer at the copper-tin interface. This intermetallic layer provides an additional diffusion barrier: even if the outer tin layer is partially abraded during flex cycling, the Cu₆Sn₅ intermetallic resists chloride penetration at a rate approximately 10× lower than pure tin, effectively providing a “second line of defence” at the conductor level — complementing the cable’s outer defence-in-depth architecture.
4. RHEYCLEAN® EPDM Insulation and Semi-Conductive Screens: The Chloride Barrier Within
The insulation system of the RHEYFIRM®(RTS) (N)TSCGEWTOEUS OF comprises three co-extruded layers: inner semi-conductive screen, RHEYCLEAN® EPDM insulation, and outer semi-conductive screen. This triple-extrusion construction, borrowed from medium-voltage utility cable technology (IEC 60502-2), provides both the electrical field grading necessary for medium-voltage operation and — in the context of harbour service — a multi-layer barrier against chloride ion penetration.
RHEYCLEAN® EPDM: Peroxide-Cured with Enhanced Cross-Link Density
The RHEYCLEAN® designation indicates an EPDM (ethylene propylene diene monomer) rubber compound that is peroxide-cured rather than sulfur-cured. This distinction is critical for salt fog resistance. Sulfur-cured EPR compounds contain residual sulfur compounds that can react with copper conductor surfaces at elevated temperatures (above 60°C), forming copper sulfide (Cu₂S) — a semiconducting compound that degrades insulation resistance. Peroxide-cured EPDM eliminates this failure mechanism entirely, hence the “CLEAN” designation (clean of sulfur contamination). For harbour service, the peroxide cure system provides an additional benefit: the carbon-carbon cross-links formed during peroxide curing are approximately 20% more resistant to hydrolytic degradation than carbon-sulfur cross-links, meaning the insulation maintains its mechanical and dielectric properties for longer periods under sustained high-humidity conditions typical of port environments.
The cross-link density of RHEYCLEAN® EPDM is approximately 15–20% higher than standard EPR compounds. Higher cross-link density reduces the free volume within the polymer matrix — the molecular-scale voids through which chloride ions diffuse. The resulting chloride diffusion coefficient of RHEYCLEAN® EPDM is approximately 5×10⁻¹³ cm²/s, compared to 2×10⁻¹² cm²/s for standard sulfur-cured EPR — a 4× reduction that, following Fick’s second law, roughly doubles the time before chloride ions at meaningful concentration reach the conductor surface through the insulation layer.
RHEYSTRIP® Semi-Conductive Screens: Easy Stripping and Chloride Barrier Function
The inner and outer semi-conductive screens (RHEYSTRIP® designation) are EVA (ethylene vinyl acetate)-based compounds formulated for two critical properties. Electrically, they provide smooth field grading between the metallic conductor and the EPDM insulation, eliminating partial discharge inception at the conductor-insulation interface (critical for medium-voltage reliability). Mechanically, they are formulated for easy cold stripping — the “STRIP” designation indicates that the semi-conductive layer peels cleanly from the insulation at temperatures down to −10°C, simplifying field termination on port crane installations where cable jointing may occur in cold conditions.
In the context of salt fog resistance, the semi-conductive screens provide an often-overlooked benefit: each screen represents an additional polymer layer with its own chloride diffusion coefficient, adding to the total diffusion path length between the cable exterior and the conductor. The two semi-conductive layers together contribute approximately 1.0–1.5 mm of additional polymer barrier, extending the chloride transit time by approximately 15–25% beyond what the insulation alone would provide.
5. The 5GM5 OFE Sandwich Sheath: Chloride Diffusion Modelling and Salt Fog Performance
The defining engineering feature of the RHEYFIRM®(RTS) (N)TSCGEWTOEUS OF — and the element that distinguishes it from all other cable families in this comparative analysis — is the 5GM5 OFE sandwich sheath construction. Understanding what “sandwich” means in this context, and why it transforms salt fog performance, requires examining the sheath at the compound-formulation level.
Standard 5GM5 vs. 5GM5 OFE: Compound Chemistry Differences
Standard 5GM5 polychloroprene (used on the base RHEYFIRM RTS) is a W-type chloroprene rubber compound formulated with magnesium oxide and zinc oxide acid acceptors, carbon black (N550 or N660 at 30–50 phr) for UV protection and mechanical reinforcement, paraffinic wax anti-ozonant systems, and phenolic antioxidants. This formulation delivers excellent mechanical properties (tensile strength ≥ 10 MPa, elongation at break ≥ 300% per ISO 37), good UV/ozone resistance, and moderate oil resistance.
The 5GM5 OFE compound modifies this formulation in three specific ways. First, it incorporates chlorinated paraffin plasticisers (replacing standard paraffinic plasticisers) that provide oil resistance — the chlorinated paraffin molecules are structurally similar to the polychloroprene polymer backbone, so they do not migrate or leach when the sheath contacts hydrocarbon oils, maintaining mechanical properties after prolonged oil exposure (less than 15% volume change after 168 hours immersion in IEC 60811 Test Oil A). Second, it increases the anti-ozone wax loading from approximately 2–3 phr (standard) to 4–6 phr (OFE), creating a thicker surface wax bloom that acts as a sacrificial barrier against both ozone attack and salt crystal adhesion. Third, and most significantly for salt fog performance, it employs a dual-layer extrusion (the “sandwich”) where the inner layer of the outer sheath is standard 5GM5 (optimised for flexibility and abrasion resistance) and the outer layer is 5GM5 OFE (optimised for chemical resistance and reduced surface energy).
Why Sandwich Construction Outperforms Monolithic OFE
A monolithic OFE sheath (single-layer, uniform OFE compound throughout) would provide maximum chemical resistance but at the cost of reduced flexibility — the chlorinated paraffin plasticisers that provide oil resistance also increase compound stiffness, raising the minimum bend radius and reducing flex-cycle endurance. The sandwich construction resolves this trade-off: the inner layer maintains the flexibility of standard 5GM5 (ensuring flex-cycle performance is not degraded), while the outer layer provides the chemical resistance and reduced surface energy of OFE (maximising salt fog and oil resistance). The interface between the two layers is co-vulcanised during extrusion, creating a chemical bond that prevents delamination even after millions of flex cycles.
Surface energy measurements (contact angle method per ASTM D7334) demonstrate the practical significance of the OFE surface. Standard 5GM5 polychloroprene has a surface energy of approximately 38–42 mN/m. The 5GM5 OFE compound, due to its chlorinated paraffin content and wax bloom, exhibits a surface energy of approximately 28–32 mN/m — a reduction of approximately 25–30%. Lower surface energy means weaker adhesion of salt crystals: in practical terms, salt deposits on OFE surfaces are removed by rainfall or hose-down approximately 2–3× more effectively than deposits on standard 5GM5 surfaces. Over a 12-month exposure period in a C5-M harbour environment, this translates to approximately 40–60% lower cumulative salt loading on the OFE surface compared to standard 5GM5 — a significant reduction in the chloride ion source term that drives diffusion through the sheath.
6. Comparative Analysis: RHEYFIRM®(RTS) OF vs. RHEYFIRM®(SI) NTMCGCWOEUS
The RHEYFIRM®(SI) NTMCGCWOEUS is Nexans’ silicone-insulated medium-voltage reeling cable — a cable designed primarily for extreme temperature applications (hot-metal handling, steel terminal service, mining in volcanic or geothermal environments). Comparing it against the RHEYFIRM®(RTS) OF reveals fundamental differences in design philosophy that inform the correct cable selection for harbour applications.
Insulation Chemistry: Silicone (VMQ) vs. EPDM
Silicone rubber (polydimethylsiloxane / VMQ) provides extraordinary temperature performance: continuous operation from −60°C to +180°C, with short-term tolerance to +250°C. This thermal capability is the SI variant’s primary advantage and the reason it is specified for hot-cargo terminals. However, silicone’s molecular structure — a flexible Si-O-Si backbone with methyl side groups — gives it inherently lower mechanical strength compared to EPDM. The tensile strength of silicone insulation (typically 5–8 MPa) is approximately half that of RHEYCLEAN® EPDM (10–15 MPa), and its tear resistance (20–30 kN/m) is approximately one-third that of EPDM (50+ kN/m). In harbour environments where the cable surface is subject to abrasion from drum contact, impact from container handling operations, and point loading from cable guide rollers, this mechanical strength deficit translates to a higher risk of insulation damage — and any insulation damage immediately creates a fast pathway for chloride ion penetration to the conductor.
Salt Fog Performance: Intrinsic vs. Real-World
Silicone rubber has excellent intrinsic hydrophobicity — its low surface energy (approximately 22–25 mN/m) repels water and resists the formation of continuous electrolyte films that drive chloride-mediated corrosion. In pristine-surface ISO 9227 testing, the RHEYFIRM SI achieves 600–1,000 hours — respectable but lower than the RHEYFIRM RTS OF’s 1,000–1,500 hours. The paradox — silicone has lower surface energy than OFE polychloroprene but worse salt fog performance — is explained by the difference between intrinsic chemistry and mechanical durability. During ISO 9227 testing (pristine cable, no mechanical stress), silicone’s hydrophobicity is partially effective. During real-world port service (cable subject to continuous flex cycling, drum abrasion, and point loading), the silicone surface is micro-damaged, and its low tear resistance means these micro-damages propagate faster than equivalent damage in EPDM or OFE polychloroprene, creating chloride ingress points that overwhelm the intrinsic hydrophobic advantage.
The RHEYFIRM®(SI) NTMCGCWOEUS should be specified for port applications only when the cable must tolerate sustained temperatures above +90°C (the EPDM limit) — typically hot-metal terminals, slag transport systems, or cables serving motors in thermally extreme crane machinery houses with inadequate ventilation. For standard container terminal operations where ambient temperatures remain within −40°C to +90°C (the vast majority of global port installations), the RHEYFIRM®(RTS) (N)TSCGEWTOEUS OF provides superior salt fog performance, better mechanical durability, higher flex-cycle endurance, and lower lifecycle cost. Specifying the SI variant for a standard container terminal because of its perceived “premium” status is an engineering error that wastes procurement budget on thermal capability the installation does not require, whilst accepting inferior corrosion and mechanical performance.
7. Comparative Analysis: RHEYFIRM®(RTS) OF vs. Standard RHEYFIRM®(RTS) (N)TSCGEWTOEUS
The comparison between the OF and standard variants of the RHEYFIRM®(RTS) (N)TSCGEWTOEUS isolates the precise engineering value of the OF sheath upgrade, because every other cable layer — conductor, insulation, semi-conductive screens, inner sheath, anti-torsion braid — is identical between the two variants.
Sheath Compound: 5GM5 vs. 5GM5 OFE
The standard RHEYFIRM RTS uses a monolithic 5GM5 polychloroprene sheath. The OF variant uses the 5GM5/5GM5 OFE sandwich construction described in Section 5. The measurable consequences of this difference are summarised in three performance domains. Salt fog endurance (ISO 9227): standard achieves 800–1,200 hours; OF achieves 1,000–1,500 hours — a minimum 25% improvement attributable to the OFE outer layer’s reduced chloride diffusion coefficient and lower salt crystal adhesion. Oil resistance (IEC 60811, Test Oil A, 168 hours): standard shows 20–30% volume swell; OF shows less than 15% — directly relevant for harbour cables that contact hydraulic fluid from crane machinery. Flex-cycle endurance: effectively identical (120,000+ cycles) because the inner sheath layer (which determines flex performance) is standard 5GM5 in both variants.
Cost-Benefit Analysis: The OF Premium Justified
The OF variant typically commands a 10–18% price premium over the standard RHEYFIRM RTS. For a typical STS crane MV reeling cable installation (2 cables × 350 m × 3×95+3×50/3 at 6/10 kV), this premium represents approximately US$15,000–25,000 per crane. Against this investment, the OF variant delivers 2–3 additional years of service life (10–15 years vs. 8–12 years), potentially eliminating one complete cable replacement cycle over the crane’s 25-year service life. Each avoided replacement cycle saves US$200,000–400,000 (cable + installation + downtime). The return on investment for the OF upgrade is therefore approximately 8:1 to 27:1 — one of the highest ROI decisions available to port electrical engineers.
8. Comparative Analysis: RHEYFIRM®(RTS) OF vs. RHEYCORD®-OFE SR and BUFLEX® SEM OFE
Two other cable families in the Nexans portfolio carry the “OFE” designation and are sometimes considered as alternatives to the RHEYFIRM RTS OF: the RHEYCORD®-OFE SR (low-voltage OFE spreader cable) and the BUFLEX® SEM OFE (premium energy-chain OFE cable). Comparing these cables against the RHEYFIRM RTS OF reveals critical differences in voltage class, mechanical architecture, and application suitability that prevent them from being interchangeable.
RHEYCORD®-OFE SR: Low-Voltage Spreader-Rated OFE Cable
The RHEYCORD-OFE SR is a 0.6/1 kV low-voltage reeling cable rated for spreader bar duty (tensile capacity 3,000–5,000 N). It shares the OFE sheath chemistry with the RHEYFIRM RTS OF and achieves comparable salt fog endurance (1,000–1,500 hours). However, it operates at a fundamentally different voltage class — the RHEYCORD-OFE SR has no semi-conductive screens, no medium-voltage insulation wall thickness, and no medium-voltage field-grading architecture. It cannot replace a RHEYFIRM RTS OF in any MV application. Conversely, using a RHEYFIRM RTS OF where a RHEYCORD-OFE SR would suffice (i.e., in a 0.6/1 kV application) is technically feasible but economically wasteful — the MV cable’s larger diameter, higher weight, and greater cost per metre provide no benefit at low voltage.
BUFLEX® SEM OFE: Premium Energy-Chain OFE Cable
The BUFLEX SEM OFE is a low-voltage (0.6/1 kV) energy-chain cable with BU (bundled ultra-fine) conductors, enhanced EPR insulation, 5GM5 OFE sheath, and aramid-reinforced anti-torsion braid. It achieves excellent salt fog performance (1,000–1,500 hours) and high flex-cycle endurance (80,000–100,000 cycles). However, the BUFLEX SEM OFE is designed for energy-chain (drag-chain) service, not motorised drum reeling — its conductor stranding is optimised for small-radius bending in energy chains rather than the combined torsion, tension, and multi-plane deflection that characterise motorised drum reeling. Using a BUFLEX SEM OFE on a motorised MV reel would result in premature torsion failure because the BU stranding pattern distributes torsional stress differently than the RTS stranding pattern optimised for drum service.
RHEYFIRM®(RTS) (N)TSCGEWTOEUS OF: Specify for medium-voltage (3–30 kV) motorised drum reeling on STS cranes, ship unloaders, stacker reclaimers, and RMG cranes — any application requiring MV power delivery, high-speed reeling (up to 270 m/min), extreme mechanical stress tolerance, and maximum salt fog resistance. RHEYCORD®-OFE SR: Specify for low-voltage (0.6/1 kV) spreader bar reeling cables, hoist cables, and control cables — applications requiring OFE salt fog resistance without medium-voltage capability. BUFLEX® SEM OFE: Specify for low-voltage (0.6/1 kV) energy-chain/drag-chain applications on RTG cranes, AGV charging systems, and festoon-to-reel transitions — applications requiring OFE salt fog resistance with energy-chain-optimised flex geometry.
9. Comprehensive Performance Matrix: All Five Cable Families Side-by-Side
The following matrix consolidates the comparative analysis from Sections 6–8 into a single reference table, enabling harbour engineers to evaluate all five cable families across 18 critical performance parameters simultaneously. This matrix is designed for direct use in cable selection decisions and can be incorporated into procurement RFQ documentation.
| Parameter | RHEYFIRM®(RTS) OF | RHEYFIRM®(RTS) Standard | RHEYFIRM®(SI) | RHEYCORD®-OFE SR | BUFLEX® SEM OFE |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Full designation | (N)TSCGEWTOEUS OF | (N)TSCGEWTOEUS | NTMCGCWOEUS | NSHTOEU-J OFE SR | SEM OFE |
| Voltage class | 3.6/6 – 18/30 kV | 3.6/6 – 18/30 kV | 3.6/6 – 18/30 kV | 0.6/1 kV | 0.6/1 kV |
| Core design | 6-core (3P + 3PE) | 6-core (3P + 3PE) | Single-core + PE | Multi-core flexible | Multi-core flexible |
| Conductor | RTS ultra-fine tinned Cu | RTS ultra-fine tinned Cu | Class 5 tinned Cu | Class 5 / RTS tinned Cu | BU ultra-fine Cu |
| Insulation | RHEYCLEAN® EPDM | RHEYCLEAN® EPDM | Silicone (VMQ) | EPDM (oil-resistant) | EPR (enhanced) |
| Semi-conductive screens | Yes (RHEYSTRIP® inner + outer) | Yes (RHEYSTRIP® inner + outer) | Yes (inner + outer) | No | No |
| Inner sheath | Synthetic rubber > GM1b | Synthetic rubber > GM1b | Synthetic rubber > GM1b | CR inner sheath | CR inner sheath |
| Anti-torsion braid | Aramid/polyester high-tensile | Aramid/polyester high-tensile | Aramid/polyester high-tensile | Polyester textile | Aramid-reinforced |
| Outer sheath | 5GM5 OFE sandwich | 5GM5 monolithic | 5GM5 monolithic | 5GM5 OFE | 5GM5 OFE |
| Temp. range (continuous) | −40°C to +90°C | −40°C to +90°C | −60°C to +180°C | −40°C to +90°C | −40°C to +90°C |
| Max reel speed | 270 m/min | 270 m/min | 190 m/min | 160–200 m/min | 160 m/min |
| Flex cycles (10× OD) | 120,000+ | 120,000+ | 80,000–120,000 | 80,000–100,000 | 80,000–100,000 |
| Salt fog (ISO 9227) | 1,000–1,500 h | 800–1,200 h | 600–1,000 h | 1,000–1,500 h | 1,000–1,500 h |
| Oil resistance (IEC 60811) | < 15% swell | 20–30% swell | 15–25% swell | < 15% swell | < 15% swell |
| Flame retardancy | IEC 60332-1 (CR inherent) | IEC 60332-1 | IEC 60332-1 | IEC 60332-1 | IEC 60332-1 |
| Tensile capacity | 3,000–5,000 N | 3,000–5,000 N | 2,000–3,000 N | 3,000–5,000 N (SR) | 2,000–3,000 N |
| Port service life (C5-M) | 10–15 years | 8–12 years | 6–10 years | 10–15 years | 10–14 years |
| Primary port application | STS MV main power reel | STS/RMG MV main power reel | Hot-cargo MV reel | LV spreader/hoist reel | RTG energy chain / AGV |
| Price positioning | Ultra-premium | Premium | Ultra-premium | Premium | Premium |
| FeiChun equivalent | FC-RHEYFIRM-RTS-OF | FC-RHEYFIRM-RTS | FC-RHEYFIRM-SI | FC-RHEYCORD-OFE-SR | FC-BUFLEX-SEM-OFE |
10. ISO 9227 Salt Spray Testing: Methodology, Limitations, and Field Correlation
All salt fog performance figures cited in this article refer to testing per ISO 9227 Neutral Salt Spray (NSS) — the international standard that exposes cable samples to continuous 5% NaCl solution spray at 35°C in a controlled fog chamber. While ISO 9227 provides the only internationally standardised and reproducible method for comparing salt fog resistance between cable types, harbour engineers must understand its limitations to correctly interpret the test hours and correlate them to expected field service life.
What ISO 9227 Tests (and What It Doesn’t)
ISO 9227 NSS applies a continuous, uniform salt spray to pristine cable samples in a temperature-controlled chamber. It effectively measures the intrinsic chemical resistance of the cable’s outer sheath to chloride ion penetration under idealised conditions. It does not replicate: UV radiation (which creates surface micro-cracks that accelerate chloride penetration), mechanical stress (which opens internal pathways through the polymer matrix), temperature cycling (which causes differential expansion and contraction that propagates micro-cracks), or humidity cycling (which drives alternating wetting and drying that concentrates salt deposits in micro-crevices). These real-world stress factors — acting simultaneously and synergistically — mean that actual harbour service life cannot be predicted by simple linear extrapolation from ISO 9227 hours.
Field Correlation: ISO 9227 Hours to Port Service Years
FeiChun’s field experience database, compiled from installation records across 47 container terminals in Asia-Pacific, Middle East, Africa, and Southern Europe, provides empirical correlation between ISO 9227 test hours and observed port service life. The correlation is non-linear: the first 500 hours of ISO 9227 endurance correlates to approximately 3–4 years of C5-M port service (because the real-world synergistic degradation factors dominate early life), while each additional 100 hours beyond 500 correlates to approximately 1–1.5 additional years (because the cable’s construction has already demonstrated resistance to the primary degradation mechanisms). This non-linear correlation explains why the RHEYFIRM RTS OF’s advantage over the standard variant (200–300 additional ISO 9227 hours) translates to 2–3 additional years of service life rather than the 0.5–1 year that linear extrapolation would predict.
For harbour cable specification, FeiChun recommends supplementing ISO 9227 NSS testing with IEC 60068-2-52 Severity 2 (salt mist cyclic testing), which alternates between salt mist exposure (2 hours), humid storage (7 days at 40°C, 93% RH), and standard atmosphere drying (3 days at 23°C, 50% RH) for repeated cycles. This cyclic protocol better replicates real-world harbour conditions where cables experience intermittent salt spray followed by humidity cycling and drying periods. FeiChun’s FC-PORT™ cables are tested to IEC 60068-2-52 Severity 2 in addition to ISO 9227, with test certificates provided with each production batch. The cyclic test data consistently shows that cables with OFE sheath compounds outperform standard 5GM5 sheaths by a larger margin (30–50% improvement) than the ISO 9227 continuous test indicates (25–40% improvement) — evidence that the OFE surface’s reduced salt crystal adhesion provides greater real-world benefit than continuous-spray testing captures.
11. FeiChun FC-RHEYFIRM-RTS-OF: Enhanced Anti-Salt-Fog Equivalent Engineering
FeiChun’s FC-RHEYFIRM-RTS-OF is a direct technical equivalent to the Nexans RHEYFIRM®(RTS) (N)TSCGEWTOEUS OF, manufactured to DIN VDE 0250 part 813 with identical six-core medium-voltage construction, RTS-grade ultra-fine stranding, EPDM insulation with semi-conductive screens, aramid-reinforced anti-torsion braid, and 5GM5 OFE outer sheath. However, the FC-RHEYFIRM-RTS-OF incorporates FeiChun’s FC-PORT™ defence-in-depth anti-salt-fog enhancements at each cable layer, producing measurably superior salt fog performance compared to the Nexans original in three specific areas.
Enhancement 1: FC-TCB™ Conductor Treatment
As described in Section 3, FeiChun’s FC-TCB™ (Tin-Copper-Barrier) treatment increases tin coating thickness to ≥ 2.5 μm (versus 1.0–1.5 μm standard) and develops a Cu₆Sn₅ intermetallic barrier layer. The practical effect for MV harbour cables is extended conductor integrity: DC resistance increase due to chloride-induced pitting corrosion remains below 3% over 15 years of C5-M service, compared to 5–8% for standard tinned conductors — ensuring that the cable maintains its rated current-carrying capacity throughout its service life without the need for derating as conductors degrade.
Enhancement 2: Nano-Clay-Enhanced EPDM Insulation
FeiChun’s EPDM insulation compound incorporates nano-clay fillers (organically modified montmorillonite at 3–5 phr) that create tortuous diffusion paths for chloride ions within the insulation matrix. The nano-clay platelets — measuring approximately 1 nm thick and 100–200 nm in lateral dimension — are exfoliated and uniformly dispersed during compound mixing, creating a “labyrinth” structure that forces chloride ions to travel approximately 3× the straight-line distance through the insulation. The resulting effective chloride diffusion coefficient is approximately 1.5×10⁻¹³ cm²/s — approximately 3× lower than standard RHEYCLEAN® EPDM (5×10⁻¹³ cm²/s) — extending the insulation-layer chloride transit time from approximately 15–25 years to approximately 45–75 years. While the outer sheath will require replacement before this timescale is reached, the nano-clay-enhanced insulation provides an order-of-magnitude safety margin that ensures the conductor remains protected even if the outer sheath is significantly compromised by mechanical damage or accelerated UV degradation.
Enhancement 3: FC-ASB™ Aramid Braid and Enhanced 5GM5+ OFE Sheath
The FC-RHEYFIRM-RTS-OF uses FeiChun’s FC-ASB™ (Aramid Strength Braid) anti-torsion system — a non-metallic braid that provides equivalent tensile capacity to standard aramid/polyester braid but with complete corrosion immunity. The outer sheath employs FeiChun’s 5GM5+ OFE formulation with an additional 1–2 phr of benzotriazole-based UV absorber (compared to standard 5GM5 OFE), extending the sheath’s UV resistance from 2,000 hours (ISO 4892-2 accelerated weathering) to 2,500+ hours — an important enhancement for tropical ports where cumulative UV exposure is the sheath’s primary surface degradation mechanism.
| Parameter | Nexans RHEYFIRM®(RTS) OF | FeiChun FC-RHEYFIRM-RTS-OF | Enhancement |
|---|---|---|---|
| Conductor tinning | Standard tinned (1.0–1.5 μm) | FC-TCB™ hot-tin-dipped (≥ 2.5 μm + Cu₆Sn₅) | 67–150% thicker tin + intermetallic barrier |
| Insulation Cl⁻ diffusion | D ≈ 5×10⁻¹³ cm²/s | D ≈ 1.5×10⁻¹³ cm²/s (nano-clay) | 3.3× lower diffusion coefficient |
| Anti-torsion braid | Aramid/polyester (corrosion-tolerant) | FC-ASB™ aramid (zero corrosion) | Complete corrosion immunity |
| Sheath UV resistance (ISO 4892-2) | 2,000 h | 2,500+ h | 25%+ improvement |
| Salt fog ISO 9227 | 1,000–1,500 h | 1,200–1,800 h | 20–25% improvement |
| Salt fog IEC 60068-2-52 Sev. 2 | Not routinely tested | Tested; report included | Cyclic test data available |
| DC resistance increase (15 yr, C5-M) | 5–8% | < 3% | 40–60% less degradation |
| Port service life (C5-M) | 10–15 years | 12–18 years | 2–3 years extended |
| VDE certification | DIN VDE 0250-813 | DIN VDE 0250-813 | Identical compliance |
| Price vs. Nexans | Reference (100%) | 55–65% | 35–45% cost reduction |
| Lead time | 12–16 weeks (EU production) | 60–90 days | Comparable or faster |
FeiChun’s production of the FC-RHEYFIRM-RTS-OF is supported by vertically integrated manufacturing capabilities specifically equipped for medium-voltage reeling cable production: in-house copper rod drawing from Tongling Cu-CATH-1 cathode, N₂-controlled-atmosphere annealing for ultra-fine RTS stranding, triple-extrusion CV (continuous vulcanisation) line for simultaneous application of inner semi-conductive screen, EPDM insulation, and outer semi-conductive screen, in-house EPDM and polychloroprene compound formulation and mixing, aramid braiding, and 5GM5 OFE dual-layer sheath co-extrusion. Testing capabilities include a dedicated ISO 9227 salt spray chamber (accommodating cable lengths up to 3 metres), IEC 60068-2-52 cyclic salt mist test facility, DIN 53375 flex-cycle test equipment rated for MV cables up to 36 kV, high-speed reel dynamometer (tested to 300 m/min), and high-voltage partial discharge test facility (up to 50 kV). Every production batch receives an ISO 9227 salt spray test report and IEC 60068-2-52 cyclic test report, provided with delivery documentation.
12. Specification, Procurement, and Application Decision Framework
When to Specify RHEYFIRM®(RTS) (N)TSCGEWTOEUS OF (or FeiChun FC-RHEYFIRM-RTS-OF)
The RHEYFIRM RTS OF / FC-RHEYFIRM-RTS-OF is the correct specification when all of the following conditions apply: the application requires medium-voltage power delivery (3.6/6 kV or above); the cable operates on a motorised reeling drum (not energy chain or festoon); the installation is in a harbour or coastal environment with ISO 9223 corrosivity category C4 or C5-M; the cable is exposed to salt fog, UV radiation, or marine atmosphere for any portion of its reeling cycle; maximum salt fog resistance and maximum service life are prioritised over initial cable cost; and the reeling speed exceeds 120 m/min (which eliminates lower-tier alternatives). If any of these conditions is not met, a less specialised cable family may be more appropriate — refer to the decision framework below.
Application Decision Framework for Port MV Reeling Cables
Work through these decision points sequentially to identify the correct cable specification for your installation.
Step 1 — Voltage class: If the application requires > 1 kV, eliminate RHEYCORD-OFE SR and BUFLEX SEM OFE (both 0.6/1 kV only). Proceed to RHEYFIRM family.
Step 2 — Temperature: If continuous operating temperature exceeds +90°C, specify RHEYFIRM®(SI) NTMCGCWOEUS (silicone insulation). If ≤ +90°C, proceed to RHEYFIRM®(RTS) variants.
Step 3 — Salt fog exposure: If the cable is fully exposed to marine atmosphere (C5-M environment), specify the OF variant. If semi-enclosed (within machinery house, reel is covered), the standard RHEYFIRM®(RTS) may suffice.
Step 4 — Oil/chemical exposure: If the cable contacts hydraulic oil, diesel fuel, or operates in petrochemical port environments, the OF variant’s oil resistance (< 15% swell) is required. Standard 5GM5 (20–30% swell) will degrade prematurely.
Step 5 — Procurement: For Nexans original, expect 12–16 week lead time from EU production. For FeiChun FC-RHEYFIRM-RTS-OF equivalent with enhanced anti-salt-fog architecture, expect 60–90 day lead time at 35–45% cost reduction, with ISO 9227 and IEC 60068-2-52 test reports included.
Specification Template for Procurement (RFQ Language)
The following specification language can be used directly in procurement RFQ documents for MV port reeling cables: “Medium-voltage reeling cable for harbour crane service. Type: RHEYFIRM®(RTS) (N)TSCGEWTOEUS OF or approved equivalent (e.g., FeiChun FC-RHEYFIRM-RTS-OF). Rated voltage: [specify, e.g., 6/10 kV or 8.7/15 kV]. Core configuration: 3×[specify, e.g., 95]+3×[specify, e.g., 50]/3. Conductor: RTS ultra-fine stranded tinned copper, better than IEC 60228 Class 5. Insulation: Peroxide-cured EPDM with inner and outer semi-conductive screens. Anti-torsion: High-tensile synthetic (aramid or aramid/polyester) braid. Outer sheath: 5GM5 OFE polychloroprene, sandwich construction, oil-resistant per EN 60811-2-1 (Test Oil A, 168 h, < 15% volume change). Temperature range: −40°C to +90°C continuous. Maximum reeling speed: ≥ 200 m/min. Salt fog endurance: ≥ 1,000 hours per ISO 9227 NSS. Corrosivity environment: C5-M per ISO 9223. Flex-cycle endurance: ≥ 100,000 cycles at 10× OD per DIN 53375. Flame retardancy: IEC 60332-1. Standards compliance: DIN VDE 0250-813. Certification: VDE mark or equivalent. Test reports required with delivery: ISO 9227 salt spray, IEC 60068-2-52 Severity 2, partial discharge test, routine electrical test per VDE 0250-813.”
Standards, References, and Technical Sources
- DIN VDE 0250-813 — Cables and Insulated Cords for Power Systems — Medium-Voltage Reeling Cables with Polychloroprene or Similar Synthetic Rubber Sheath. Deutsches Institut für Normung / Verband der Elektrotechnik.
- DIN VDE 0250-814 — Cables and Insulated Cords for Power Systems — Low-Voltage Reeling Cables with Polychloroprene or Similar Synthetic Rubber Sheath. Deutsches Institut für Normung / Verband der Elektrotechnik.
- IEC 60228 — Conductors of Insulated Cables (Class 5 and Class 6 flexible conductors; RTS stranding exceeds Class 5 requirements). International Electrotechnical Commission.
- ISO 9227 — Corrosion Tests in Artificial Atmospheres — Salt Spray Tests (Neutral Salt Spray, NSS: 5% NaCl, 35°C, continuous spray). International Organization for Standardization.
- IEC 60068-2-52 — Environmental Testing — Part 2-52: Tests — Test Kb: Salt Mist, Cyclic (Severity 2: alternating salt mist, humid storage, and standard atmosphere). International Electrotechnical Commission.
- ISO 9223 — Corrosion of Metals and Alloys — Corrosivity of Atmospheres — Classification, Determination and Estimation (Category C5-M: Marine). International Organization for Standardization.
- DIN VDE 0207-20 — Insulating and Sheathing Materials — Part 20: Thermosetting Insulating Compounds (EPR, EPDM, silicone rubber). Deutsches Institut für Normung.
- DIN VDE 0207-21 — Insulating and Sheathing Materials — Part 21: Sheathing Compounds — Polychloroprene (specification for 5GM3 and 5GM5 compound grades). Deutsches Institut für Normung.
- EN 60811-2-1 — Insulating and Sheathing Materials — Part 2-1: Specific Test Methods for Elastomeric Compounds — Ozone Resistance, Hot Set, and Mineral Oil Immersion Tests (Test Oil A). European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization.
- IEC 60502-2 — Power Cables with Extruded Insulation and Their Accessories for Rated Voltages from 1 kV up to 30 kV — Part 2: Cables for Rated Voltages from 6 kV up to 30 kV (semi-conductive screen requirements). International Electrotechnical Commission.
- ISO 4892-2 — Plastics — Methods of Exposure to Laboratory Light Sources — Part 2: Xenon-Arc Lamps (accelerated weathering test for polymer sheath UV resistance). International Organization for Standardization.
- ISO 37 — Rubber, Vulcanized or Thermoplastic — Determination of Tensile Stress-Strain Properties (tensile strength and elongation at break for sheath compounds). International Organization for Standardization.
- ISO 4649 — Rubber, Vulcanized or Thermoplastic — Determination of Abrasion Resistance Using a Rotating Cylindrical Drum Device (abrasion volume loss measurement for sheath compounds). International Organization for Standardization.
- IEC 60332-1 — Tests on Electric and Optical Fibre Cables Under Fire Conditions — Part 1: Test for Vertical Flame Propagation for a Single Insulated Wire or Cable. International Electrotechnical Commission.
- DIN 53375 — Testing of Plastics — Determination of Tensile Strength and Elongation at Break (used for flex-cycle endurance testing methodology for reeling cables). Deutsches Institut für Normung.
- DIN VDE 0295 — Copper Conductors — Requirements and Testing (defines Class 5 and Class 6 conductor stranding; RTS exceeds these requirements). Deutsches Institut für Normung.
- Marcus, P. and Oudar, J. — Corrosion Mechanisms in Theory and Practice. Third edition, CRC Press. Reference text for chloride-induced pitting corrosion mechanisms in copper conductors and tin-copper intermetallic barrier layers.
- Thue, W.A. — Electrical Power Cable Engineering. Third edition, CRC Press. Reference text for medium-voltage cable insulation design, semi-conductive screen engineering, and partial discharge mechanisms.
- IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, Vol. 27 No. 4 (2020) — Studies on combined UV-salt fog degradation of polymer cable sheathing materials, demonstrating synergistic degradation acceleration factors of 2.8× versus additive models.
- Journal of Materials Science — Studies on environmentally assisted cracking (EAC) in fine-stranded copper conductors, demonstrating reduced susceptibility to chloride-induced corrosion fatigue in ultra-fine stranded conductors compared to coarse stranding.
- ASTM D7334 — Standard Practice for Surface Wettability of Coatings, Substrates and Pigments by Advancing Contact Angle Measurement (referenced for surface energy measurements of 5GM5 vs. 5GM5 OFE sheath compounds).
- NACE International / AMPP SP0169 — Control of External Corrosion on Underground or Submerged Metallic Piping Systems (referenced for chloride-ion transport and corrosion rate modelling applicable to cable conductor corrosion in marine environments).
Technical Support, MV Port Cable Specification, and FC-RHEYFIRM-RTS-OF Procurement
This article is part of FeiChun’s medium-voltage port cable engineering technical publication programme. For cable selection assistance specific to your crane and terminal environment — including corrosivity assessment based on your port’s geographic location and climate data, voltage and cross-section selection matched to your drive system requirements, ISO 9227 and IEC 60068-2-52 test documentation for your specified configuration, cable samples for evaluation, compatibility verification with your existing motorised drum and termination hardware, or detailed procurement quotations for FC-RHEYFIRM-RTS-OF equivalent cables — contact FeiChun’s technical engineering team directly.


