VDE 0250标准橡胶电缆的阻燃性要求（IEC 60332-1）技术详解
What is the Requirement for Flame Retardancy (IEC 60332-1) in Standard VDE 0250 Rubber Cables?
VDE 0250标准橡胶电缆的阻燃性要求（IEC 60332-1）技术详解
Anhui Feichun Special Cable Co., Ltd. 安徽飞纯特种电缆有限公司Executive Summary 执行摘要
VDE 0250 rubber cables are required to comply with IEC 60332-1 flame retardancy testing, which evaluates the vertical flame propagation characteristics of single insulated wires and cables under fire conditions. This standard establishes that the cable must self-extinguish after flame removal and the charred zone must not extend within 50mm of the upper mounting clamp. Most VDE 0250 rubber cables constructed with flame-retardant materials such as chloroprene rubber (CR/Neoprene) or compounds with flame-retardant additives are designed to pass this critical fire safety test.[1][2]
VDE 0250橡胶电缆必须符合IEC 60332-1阻燃测试要求，该测试评估单根绝缘电线电缆在火灾条件下的垂直火焰蔓延特性。该标准规定电缆在移除火焰后必须自熄，且碳化区域不得延伸至上固定夹具50mm范围内。大多数采用阻燃材料（如氯丁橡胶或添加阻燃剂的化合物）制造的VDE 0250橡胶电缆均设计为通过此关键防火安全测试。
Understanding IEC 60332-1 Standard 了解IEC 60332-1标准
The IEC 60332-1 series, developed by the International Electrotechnical Commission Technical Committee 20 (Electric Cables), defines the test apparatus and procedures for evaluating single cable flame propagation resistance. The standard is divided into three parts: IEC 60332-1-1 specifies the apparatus, IEC 60332-1-2 describes the procedure using a 1 kW pre-mixed flame, and IEC 60332-1-3 addresses the identification of flaming droplets or particles.[1][3]
IEC 60332-1系列由国际电工委员会第20技术委员会（电缆）制定，定义了评估单根电缆阻燃性的测试设备和程序。该标准分为三部分：IEC 60332-1-1规定设备要求，IEC 60332-1-2描述使用1 kW预混火焰的测试程序，IEC 60332-1-3涉及燃烧滴落物或颗粒的识别。
- Test Flame Power 测试火焰功率
- 1 kW Pre-mixed Propane/Air 预混丙烷/空气
- Specimen Length 试样长度
- 600 mm ±25 mm tolerance ±25mm公差
- Support Spacing 支撑间距
- 550 mm ±5 mm tolerance ±5mm公差
- Burner Angle 燃烧器角度
- 45° From vertical axis 偏离垂直轴
Test Procedure Per IEC 60332-1-2 测试程序（依据IEC 60332-1-2）
Specimen Preparation and Mounting 试样准备和安装
The test specimen consists of a 600mm (±25mm) length of single insulated conductor or cable. Before testing, the specimen must be conditioned at a temperature of 23°C (±10°C) for at least 16 hours. The overall diameter is measured at three locations at least 100mm apart using the method specified in IEC 60811-203, and the average determines the required flame application time.[1][4]
测试试样由600mm（±25mm）长度的单根绝缘导体或电缆组成。测试前，试样必须在23°C（±10°C）温度下调节至少16小时。使用IEC 60811-203规定的方法在至少相距100mm的三个位置测量总直径，平均值决定所需的火焰施加时间。
- Vertical Mounting 垂直安装: The specimen is fixed vertically in the center of a metal enclosure using copper wire on two horizontal supports, with the bottom of the upper support 550mm (±5mm) from the top of the lower support.[1] 试样使用铜丝固定在金属箱体中央的两个水平支架上，上支架底部距下支架顶部550mm（±5mm）。
- Burner Positioning 燃烧器定位: The burner is positioned so the inner blue cone of the flame strikes the cable surface at a distance of 475mm from the lower edge of the upper horizontal support, at a 45° angle to the vertical axis.[1][4] 燃烧器定位使火焰蓝色内锥接触电缆表面，距上水平支架下边缘475mm处，与垂直轴呈45°角。
- Flame Application 火焰施加: The flame is applied for a duration determined by cable diameter (see Table 1). The test chamber temperature is maintained at 23°C (±10°C) with no forced ventilation during the test.[1][3] 火焰施加持续时间由电缆直径决定（见表1）。测试期间试验室温度保持在23°C（±10°C），无强制通风。
- Observation and Evaluation 观察和评估: After the specified flame application time, the burner is removed and extinguished. The cable is observed until all flaming and glowing ceases, then the charred extent is measured.[1] 规定的火焰施加时间后，移除并熄灭燃烧器。观察电缆直至所有燃烧和阴燃停止，然后测量碳化范围。
Flame Application Time Requirements 火焰施加时间要求
| Cable Overall Diameter (D) 电缆总直径 | Flame Application Time 火焰施加时间 | Tolerance 公差 | Typical VDE 0250 Cable Types 典型VDE 0250电缆类型 |
|---|---|---|---|
| D ≤ 25 mm | 60 seconds | ±2 s | H07RN-F 3G1.5, H07RN-F 5G2.5 |
| 25 mm < D ≤ 50 mm | 120 seconds | ±2 s | H07RN-F 4G16, NSSHÖU 3×25+3×10 |
| 50 mm < D ≤ 75 mm | 240 seconds | ±2 s | NSSHÖU 3×70+3×35, (N)SHÖU 3×95 |
| D > 75 mm | 480 seconds | ±2 s | NSSHÖU 3×150+3×70, Mining cables |
| Note: For non-circular cables (e.g., flat cables), measure circumference and calculate equivalent circular diameter.[1][4] 注：对于非圆形电缆（如扁平电缆），测量周长并计算等效圆形直径。 | |||
Acceptance Criteria 验收标准
According to IEC 60332-1-2 Annex A, for a cable to pass the flame retardancy test, two criteria must be satisfied:
根据IEC 60332-1-2附录A，电缆通过阻燃测试必须满足两个标准：
| Criterion 标准 | Requirement 要求 | Measurement Point 测量点 |
|---|---|---|
| Self-Extinguishing 自熄性 | Cable must extinguish itself after burner removal | Visual observation until no flame/glow 目视观察至无火焰/阴燃 |
| Char Height Limit 碳化高度限制 | Charred/damaged zone must NOT extend within 50mm of the bottom edge of the upper support clamp | Distance from upper clamp bottom edge to top of char zone ≥50mm 上夹具底边至碳化区顶部距离≥50mm |
| Source: IEC 60332-1-2:2004+AMD1:2015 Annex A – Recommended requirements for performance.[1] | ||
When evaluating the charred extent, all soot is to be ignored if the original surface remains undamaged when wiped off. Similarly, softening or any deformation of the non-metallic material should also be disregarded. The flame spread is measured as the extent of actual char damage from the point of flame application upward toward the upper support.[1][3]
评估碳化范围时，如果擦拭后原始表面保持完好，则应忽略所有烟灰。同样，非金属材料的软化或任何变形也应忽略。火焰蔓延测量为从火焰施加点向上至上支架方向的实际碳化损坏范围。
VDE 0250 Rubber Cable Flame Retardant Materials VDE 0250橡胶电缆阻燃材料
VDE 0250 specifies requirements for various rubber-insulated cable types including the widely used NSSHÖU (heavy-duty rubber-sheathed flexible cables) and H07RN-F (harmonized rubber flexible cables). These cables typically utilize sheath and insulation compounds specifically formulated to achieve IEC 60332-1 compliance.[5][6]
VDE 0250规定了各种橡胶绝缘电缆类型的要求，包括广泛使用的NSSHÖU（重型橡胶护套柔性电缆）和H07RN-F（协调橡胶柔性电缆）。这些电缆通常使用专门配方的护套和绝缘化合物以达到IEC 60332-1合规性。
| Material Type 材料类型 | Chemical Designation 化学名称 | Flame Retardant Mechanism 阻燃机理 | IEC 60332-1 Performance IEC 60332-1性能 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Chloroprene Rubber (CR) 氯丁橡胶 | Polychloroprene (Neoprene) | Chlorine release during combustion inhibits flame propagation 燃烧时释放氯气抑制火焰蔓延 | Inherently flame retardant – typically passes 固有阻燃性-通常通过 |
| EPR/EPDM with FR Additives 添加阻燃剂的乙丙橡胶 | Ethylene Propylene Rubber + ATH/MDH | Aluminum/Magnesium hydroxide releases water vapor, dilutes combustible gases 氢氧化铝/镁释放水蒸气稀释可燃气体 | Passes with proper additive loading 适当添加剂用量时通过 |
| Halogen-Free FR Compounds 无卤阻燃化合物 | LSZH (Low Smoke Zero Halogen) | Intumescent char formation, endothermic decomposition 膨胀型碳层形成，吸热分解 | Passes – reduced smoke/toxicity 通过-减少烟雾/毒性 |
| PVC Sheath (some types) PVC护套（部分类型） | Polyvinyl Chloride | Chlorine release, char formation 释放氯气，碳层形成 | Inherently flame retardant 固有阻燃性 |
| Materials conforming to DIN VDE 0207-20 (EPR insulation) and DIN VDE 0207-21 (thermosetting sheaths).[6][7] | |||
Comparison: IEC 60332-1 vs. IEC 60332-3 对比：IEC 60332-1与IEC 60332-3
It is important to distinguish between IEC 60332-1 (single cable test) and IEC 60332-3 (bundled cable test). While standard VDE 0250 rubber cables must pass IEC 60332-1, some applications requiring enhanced fire safety may specify IEC 60332-3 compliance, which represents a significantly more demanding test condition.[2][8]
区分IEC 60332-1（单根电缆测试）和IEC 60332-3（成束电缆测试）非常重要。虽然标准VDE 0250橡胶电缆必须通过IEC 60332-1，但某些需要增强防火安全的应用可能要求符合IEC 60332-3，这代表着更加严格的测试条件。
| Parameter 参数 | IEC 60332-1-2 单根测试 | IEC 60332-3 (Cat. C) 成束测试C类 |
|---|---|---|
| Test Configuration 测试配置 | Single cable 单根电缆 | Bundled cables on ladder 梯架上成束电缆 |
| Specimen Length 试样长度 | 600 mm | 3,500 mm |
| Flame Application Time 火焰施加时间 | 60–480 s (diameter dependent) | 20 minutes (fixed) |
| Burner Power 燃烧器功率 | 1 kW pre-mixed flame | 20.5 kW ribbon burner at 750°C |
| Pass Criterion – Char Limit 通过标准-碳化限制 | ≥50 mm from upper clamp | ≤2,500 mm from burner bottom edge |
| Air Flow 气流 | No forced ventilation | 5 m³/min at 0.9 m/s |
| Typical Application 典型应用 | General installations 一般安装 | Vertical cable shafts, critical facilities 垂直电缆井道、关键设施 |
| IEC 60332-3 categories (A, B, C, D) differ by non-metallic material volume required; Category C is most common for industrial cables.[8] | ||
Related Standards and Cross-References 相关标准和交叉引用
| Standard 标准 | Title / Scope 标题/范围 | Relationship to IEC 60332-1 与IEC 60332-1的关系 |
|---|---|---|
| DIN VDE 0250 | Cables, wires and flexible cords for power installations 电力装置用电缆、电线和软线 | References IEC 60332-1 for flame retardancy verification 引用IEC 60332-1进行阻燃性验证 |
| EN 60332-1-2 | European adoption of IEC 60332-1-2 IEC 60332-1-2的欧洲采标 | Identical technical content 技术内容相同 |
| BS 4066-1 | British Standard for single cable flame test 单根电缆火焰测试英国标准 | Technically equivalent to IEC 60332-1 技术上等同于IEC 60332-1 |
| EN 50575 | EU CPR (Construction Products Regulation) for cables 电缆欧盟建筑产品法规 | Uses IEC 60332-1-2 as basis for Euroclass ratings 以IEC 60332-1-2为欧洲等级评定基础 |
| IEC 60332-1-1 | Test apparatus specification 测试设备规范 | Defines equipment for IEC 60332-1-2 procedure 定义IEC 60332-1-2程序的设备 |
| DIN VDE 0472 Part 804 | German cable test methods – Flame test 德国电缆测试方法-火焰测试 | National implementation referencing IEC methodology 参照IEC方法的国家实施 |
Practical Implications for Cable Selection 电缆选择的实际意义
When IEC 60332-1 Compliance is Sufficient 何时IEC 60332-1合规性足够
For most general industrial applications where cables are installed individually or in small groups with adequate spacing, IEC 60332-1 compliance provides adequate fire safety assurance. This includes typical VDE 0250 applications such as portable equipment connections, machine tool wiring, construction site power distribution, and general industrial machinery connections.[5][9]
对于大多数电缆单独安装或小群组安装且间距充足的一般工业应用，IEC 60332-1合规性提供充分的防火安全保证。这包括典型的VDE 0250应用，如便携式设备连接、机床布线、建筑工地配电和一般工业机械连接。
When Enhanced Flame Retardancy is Required 何时需要增强阻燃性
The IEC 60332-1 standard explicitly notes that passing this single-cable test does not guarantee similar behavior when cables are installed in bunches. For installations with high fire propagation risk, such as vertical cable shafts, tunnels, power plants, or petrochemical facilities, IEC 60332-3 bundle testing and potentially additional requirements (low smoke, halogen-free per IEC 60754 and IEC 61034) should be specified.[1][8]
IEC 60332-1标准明确指出，通过此单根电缆测试并不能保证电缆成束安装时具有类似表现。对于火灾蔓延风险高的安装，如垂直电缆井道、隧道、发电厂或石化设施，应规定IEC 60332-3成束测试，并可能有额外要求（低烟、符合IEC 60754和IEC 61034的无卤）。
Test Equipment Specifications 测试设备规格
| Component 组件 | Specification 规格 |
|---|---|
| Metal Enclosure 金属箱体 | Internal dimensions: 300mm (W) × 450mm (D) × 1200mm (H) minimum; sheet steel ≥0.5mm thick |
| Burner Type 燃烧器类型 | Tube burner with 1 kW thermal output; propane/air pre-mixed flame |
| Flame Characteristics 火焰特性 | Inner blue cone height: 50–60mm; Overall flame height: 170–190mm |
| Thermocouple Verification 热电偶验证 | Time from 100°C to 700°C: 40–50 seconds (flame calibration check) |
| Gas Flow (Propane) 气体流量（丙烷） | ≥650 mL/min (adjusted for 1 kW output) |
| Air Flow 空气流量 | ≥10 L/min (for pre-mixed combustion) |
| Ambient Conditions 环境条件 | Temperature: 23°C ±10°C; No forced ventilation during test |
| Equipment must be calibrated per IEC 60332-1-1 before each test series.[3][4] | |
Conclusion 结论
The IEC 60332-1 flame retardancy requirement represents a fundamental fire safety baseline for VDE 0250 rubber cables. This vertical single-cable flame propagation test ensures that cables will self-extinguish and limit fire spread when exposed to a defined ignition source. For VDE 0250 compliant cables manufactured with appropriate flame-retardant compounds such as chloroprene rubber or FR-additive enhanced EPR, passing IEC 60332-1-2 is an expected performance characteristic that provides essential protection in general industrial installations.
IEC 60332-1阻燃性要求代表了VDE 0250橡胶电缆的基本防火安全基线。这种垂直单根电缆火焰蔓延测试确保电缆在暴露于规定点火源时能够自熄并限制火势蔓延。对于采用适当阻燃化合物（如氯丁橡胶或FR添加剂增强的EPR）制造的VDE 0250合规电缆，通过IEC 60332-1-2是预期的性能特性，为一般工业安装提供基本保护。
References & Authoritative Sources 参考文献及权威来源
- IEC 60332-1-2:2004+AMD1:2015 – Tests on electric and optical fibre cables under fire conditions – Part 1-2: Test for vertical flame propagation for a single insulated wire or cable – Procedure for 1 kW pre-mixed flame. International Electrotechnical Commission. https://webstore.iec.ch/publication/1475
- IEC 60332-1-1:2004+AMD1:2015 – Tests on electric and optical fibre cables under fire conditions – Part 1-1: Test for vertical flame propagation for a single insulated wire or cable – Apparatus. International Electrotechnical Commission. https://webstore.iec.ch/publication/1474
- BS EN 60332-1-2:2004+A12:2020 – Tests on electric and optical fibre cables under fire conditions – Test for vertical flame propagation for a single insulated wire or cable – Procedure for 1 kW pre-mixed flame. British Standards Institution. https://www.en-standard.eu/bs-en-60332-1-2-2004-a12-2020/
- IEC 60811-203 – Electric and optical fibre cables – Test methods for non-metallic materials – Part 203: General tests – Measurement of overall dimensions. International Electrotechnical Commission. https://webstore.iec.ch/publication/3554
- DIN VDE 0250-1:1981 – Specifications for cables, wires and flexible cords for power installations – General requirements. VDE Verband der Elektrotechnik. https://www.vde.com/en
- DIN VDE 0250-812 – Rubber insulated flexible cables up to and including 450/750V (NSSHÖU). VDE Association / DKE German Commission for Electrical, Electronic & Information Technologies. https://www.dke.de/en
- DIN VDE 0207-20 – Ethylene-propylene rubber insulation compounds. VDE Association. https://www.beuth.de/
- IEC 60332-3-22:2018 – Tests on electric and optical fibre cables under fire conditions – Part 3-22: Test for vertical flame spread of vertically-mounted bunched wires or cables – Category A. International Electrotechnical Commission. https://webstore.iec.ch/publication/63048
- EN 50575:2014+A1:2016 – Power, control and communication cables – Cables for general applications in construction works subject to reaction to fire requirements. CENELEC. https://www.cenelec.eu/
- IEC 60754-1 – Test on gases evolved during combustion of materials from cables – Part 1: Determination of the halogen acid gas content. International Electrotechnical Commission. https://webstore.iec.ch/publication/3401
- IEC 61034-2 – Measurement of smoke density of cables burning under defined conditions – Part 2: Test procedure and requirements. International Electrotechnical Commission. https://webstore.iec.ch/publication/4339
![In VDE mining cable standards, particularly DIN VDE 0250-813 and DIN VDE 0250-814, the outer sheath color serves as a critical visual identifier that indicates the cable's intended application environment and specific performance characteristics. The red sheath is the standard color for open-pit (surface) mining cables manufactured with PCP (Polychloroprene) compound type 5GM5, providing maximum UV resistance and high visibility in outdoor environments. Black sheaths are typically used for underground mining and general industrial applications where UV protection is less critical. Yellow sheaths indicate either high-visibility safety cables or specialized trailing cables for coal cutting machines, also commonly manufactured with premium TPU (Thermoplastic Polyurethane) compounds for extreme abrasion resistance.[1][2][3] 在VDE矿用电缆标准中，特别是DIN VDE 0250-813和DIN VDE 0250-814，外护套颜色是关键的视觉标识符，指示电缆的预期应用环境和特定性能特性。红色护套是使用PCP（氯丁橡胶）5GM5型化合物制造的露天（地面）矿用电缆的标准颜色，提供最大的抗紫外线能力和户外环境的高可见性。黑色护套通常用于井下矿业和对紫外线防护要求较低的一般工业应用。黄色护套表示高可见性安全电缆或用于采煤机的专用拖曳电缆，通常也采用优质TPU（热塑性聚氨酯）化合物制造以获得极高的耐磨性。](https://feichuncables.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/image-578-400x225.avif "What Does the \"Red\" Sheath Typically Indicate for VDE Mining Cables Versus a \"Black\" or \"Yellow\" Sheath? 3")
