dragline cable

BS6708, mining cable, quarry cable, trailing cable, EPR cable, SWA cable, coal cutter cable, excavator cable, 礦用電纜, 採石場電纜, 拖曳電纜

What is BS6708 Cable?

British Standard BS6708 sets out the requirements for flexible trailing cables where used in mining operations and quarries. These cables are often referred to as trailing cables, quarry cables, or auxiliary cables and have applications with a wide range of dynamic mining equipment including excavators, coal-cutters, crushing machines, and shuttle cars. flexible trailing cable, mine cable, EPR mining cable, SWA mining cable, chloroprene cable, coal cutter cable, excavator cable, shuttle car cable, crushing machine cable, coal face cable, Type 7 mining cable, Type 7M cable, Type 7S cable, Type 11 cable, Type 20 cable, Type 21 cable, Type 307 cable, Type 331 cable, Type 621 cable, Type 631 cable, 640/1100V mining cable, 1.9/3.3kV mining cable
PROTOLON (SB-SAM) (N)TSCGEWOEU 6/10KV represents advanced medium voltage trailing cable technology with optimized wall-thickness design. This specialized cable serves as the primary power supply and connection solution for large material handling machines operating in demanding open-cast mining environments.

PROTOLON (SB-SAM) (N)TSCGEWOEU 6/10KV

PROTOLON (SB-SAM) (N)TSCGEWOEU 6/10KV represents advanced medium voltage trailing cable technology with optimized wall-thickness design. This specialized cable serves as the primary power supply and connection solution for large material handling machines operating in demanding open-cast mining environments.
EPN 78 3,6/6 kV is a medium voltage (MV) flexible reeling cable specifically engineered for open-cast mining operations. This cable features a three-core design with three protective-earth conductors positioned in the outer interstices, providing reliable grounding protection for heavy mobile equipment. The designation "EPN 78" follows the Serbian/Yugoslav cable designation system (SRPS N.C5.374), indicating its robust construction for demanding mining environments.

What is EPN 78 3,6/6 kV Mining & Tunneling MV Flexible Reeling Cable?

EPN 78 3,6/6 kV is a medium voltage (MV) flexible reeling cable specifically engineered for open-cast mining operations. This cable features a three-core design with three protective-earth conductors positioned in the outer interstices, providing reliable grounding protection for heavy mobile equipment. The designation “EPN 78” follows the Serbian/Yugoslav cable designation system (SRPS N.C5.374), indicating its robust construction for demanding mining environments.
PROTOLON (M) R-(N)TSCGEWOEU LWL 6/10KV is a highly specialized medium voltage (MV) reeling cable engineered for the demanding conditions of open-cast mining and tunneling operations. This cable integrates fiber-optic elements for simultaneous power transmission and high-speed data communication, making it essential for modern automated mining equipment including excavators, dumpers, and mobile crushers.

What is PROTOLON (M) R-(N)TSCGEWOEU LWL 6/10KV Mining & Tunneling MV Reeling Cable?

PROTOLON (M) R-(N)TSCGEWOEU LWL 6/10KV is a highly specialized medium voltage (MV) reeling cable engineered for the demanding conditions of open-cast mining and tunneling operations. This cable integrates fiber-optic elements for simultaneous power transmission and high-speed data communication, making it essential for modern automated mining equipment including excavators, dumpers, and mobile crushers.
PROTOMONT (V) NTSKCGECWOEU series cables are specifically engineered for power supply connections to mobile equipment and machinery in underground mining applications, particularly coal cutting machines. These cables are designed for deployment in cable protection chains (cable handlers) that trail behind mining machines, engineered to absorb substantial tensile forces during operation.

PROTOMONT (V) NTSKCGECWOEU 3.6/6KV

PROTOMONT (V) NTSKCGECWOEU series cables are specifically engineered for power supply connections to mobile equipment and machinery in underground mining applications, particularly coal cutting machines. These cables are designed for deployment in cable protection chains (cable handlers) that trail behind mining machines, engineered to absorb substantial tensile forces during operation.
SINGLE CORE represents an advanced low smoke zero halogen (LSZH) power cable engineered by Anhui Feichun Special Cable Co., Ltd. for demanding industrial applications where fire safety, thermal performance, and electrical reliability are paramount. This cable series is manufactured in full compliance with Australian and New Zealand standards

What is ENVIROLEX® 110°C  SINGLE CORE?

SINGLE CORE cable is specifically engineered for applications requiring enhanced thermal performance and superior fire safety characteristics. The 110°C continuous operating temperature rating provides a significant thermal margin compared to standard 90°C rated cables, allowing for higher current density and more compact installations.
NTSCGEWÖW cable, torsion cable, wind turbine cable, EPR insulation, loop cable, mining trailing cable, medium voltage torsion cable

What is NTSCGEWÖW Cable?

The NTSCGEWÖW cable (also written as NTSCGEWOEW when substituting the umlaut for ‘OE’) represents a specialized category of medium voltage power cables engineered specifically to withstand torsional stresses inherent in dynamic industrial applications. This cable designation follows the standardized German DIN VDE nomenclature system, with each letter indicating specific construction characteristics optimized for rotational stress environments.
Reeling Drum Cables for Port Cranes and Material Handling: Complete Engineering Guide Understanding NSHTÖU, TSCGEWÖU, and PUR Polyurethane Cables - Technical Specifications, Standards Compliance, Selection Criteria, and GB/T 5013 Limitations

Reeling Drum Cables for Port Cranes and Material Handling: Complete Engineering Guide

Reeling Drum Cables for Port Cranes and Material Handling: Complete Engineering Guide Understanding NSHTÖU, TSCGEWÖU, and PUR Polyurethane Cables – Technical Specifications, Standards Compliance, Selection Criteria, and GB/T 5013 Limitations
heavy-duty rubber cables represent a critical category for applications requiring exceptional mechanical strength, flexibility, and environmental resistance. This comprehensive technical guide examines three closely related cable types that dominate international markets for portable power transmission: the Chinese standard GB/T 5013 YC (Heavy-Duty General Rubber Cable) rated at 450/750V, the enhanced YCW variant with oil and weather resistance, and the European harmonized H07RN-F cable that serves as the international equivalent.

GB/T 5013 YC & YCW Heavy-Duty Rubber Cables and H07RN-F: Comprehensive Technical Analysis

heavy-duty rubber cables represent a critical category for applications requiring exceptional mechanical strength, flexibility, and environmental resistance. This comprehensive technical guide examines three closely related cable types that dominate international markets for portable power transmission: the Chinese standard GB/T 5013 YC (Heavy-Duty General Rubber Cable) rated at 450/750V, the enhanced YCW variant with oil and weather resistance, and the European harmonized H07RN-F cable that serves as the international equivalent.
Complete Guide to UL 1650:2025 Portable Power Cable Type G, Type G-GC, Type W, MP-GC & SHD-GC Mining Cables — Technical Specifications, Compliance Standards, Safety Guidelines and Applications

Complete Guide to UL 1650:2025 Portable Power Cable

UL 1650, UL 1650:2025, portable power cable, mining cable, Type G cable, Type G-GC cable, Type W cable, MP-GC cable, SHD-GC cable, MSHA approved cable, EPR insulation, CPE jacket, trailing cable, mining equipment cable UL 1650 is the primary safety standard for portable power cables used in industrial and mining applications across North America. The UL 1650:2025 edition, published by Underwriters Laboratories and ANSI approved in November 2025, establishes comprehensive requirements for portable power cables designed for use in accordance with the National Electrical Code (NFPA 70).[1] This standard covers various types of portable power cables including Type G, Type G-GC, Type W, MP-GC, and SHD-GC cables that are essential for powering mobile and stationary mining equipment in both surface and underground operations. The cables manufactured under UL 1650 must undergo rigorous testing per UL 2556 (Wire and Cable Test Methods) to ensure safety and reliability in demanding industrial environments.[2]
PROTOLON(M) R-(N)TSCGEWOEU represents a sophisticated class of medium voltage flexible reeling cables specifically engineered for the most demanding applications in open-cast mining and material handling operations. These cables are designed to power large mobile equipment including excavators, dumpers, mobile crushers, and bucket-wheel excavators under extreme mechanical stresses. This comprehensive technical guide examines the construction, specifications, standards compliance, applications, and operational characteristics of this specialized cable system manufactured by Anhui Feichun Special Cable Co., Ltd.

PROTOLON(M) R-(N)TSCGEWOEU 6 kV – 35 kV: The Ultimate Flexible MV Reeling Cable for Heavy Mining Equipment

ROTOLON(M) R-(N)TSCGEWOEU cable designation follows the standardized German nomenclature system established under DIN VDE 0250 Part 813, which specifically addresses medium voltage reeling cables for mining and heavy industrial applications. The designation breaks down as follows: (N) – Indicates the presence of a concentric conductor arrangement with integrated earth conductors T – Tinned copper conductors for enhanced corrosion resistance S – Semiconductive screening layers for electric field control C – Cradle separator core arrangement for structural integrity G – EPR (Ethylene Propylene Rubber) insulation compound E – EPR-based inner sheath W – Anti-torsion woven braid reinforcement O – Oil-resistant outer sheath E – Enhanced elastomer outer sheath material U – Reinforced construction for extreme mechanical loads According to industry specifications from Reeling Cable, these cables are rated for voltage ranges from 3.6/6 kV up to 18/30 kV (with some variants reaching 20/35 kV), making them suitable for a comprehensive range of mining equipment power requirements.
H05RR-F Cable

What is H05RR-F Cable?

H05RR-F cables excel in underground mining environments where they serve as power supply conductors for mobile equipment and fixed installations. The constant movement of mining equipment creates significant abrasion challenges for trailing cables, requiring advanced polymer compounds with high abrasion indices and specialized insulation materials with superior flex memory[24]. These cables are specifically designed for coal cutters operating in cable chains (cable handlers) and similar face equipment, where they must withstand continuous flexing, mechanical stress, and exposure to moisture and dust.
What is PROTOMONT(MT) (N)SSHOEU 1 kV? Complete Technical Guide Comprehensive specifications, applications, safety standards, and technical parameters for heavy-duty rubber-sheathed flexible mining and tunneling cables | Anhui Feichun Special Cable Co., Ltd. (安徽飞纯特种电缆有限公司)

What is PROTOMONT(MT) (N)SSHOEU 1 kV? Complete Technical Guide

PROTOMONT(MT) (N)SSHOEU represents a specialized category of rubber-sheathed flexible cables engineered specifically for mining and tunneling applications where heavy mechanical stress is a constant operational challenge. These cables serve as essential power transmission components in some of the world’s most demanding industrial environments, from underground coal mines to surface excavation operations. Mining environments present unique challenges that standard industrial cables cannot withstand. As noted in industry research, mining cables must endure severe physical punishment including constant abrasion against rock surfaces, crushing forces from equipment, impacts from falling debris, and frequent flexing as mobile equipment moves. The PROTOMONT(MT) (N)SSHOEU cable line addresses these challenges through sophisticated engineering and advanced material selection. Manufactured in accordance with DIN VDE 0250 part 812 standards and carrying VDE-REG F546 certification, this cable represents the pinnacle of German engineering excellence applied to mining cable technology. The designation “(N)SSHOEU” provides valuable information about the cable’s construction characteristics, indicating compliance with national and international standards, special sheathing for severe service conditions, and European standard compliance.
What is PROTOMONT NSSHOEU 1 kV Low Voltage Flexible Rubber Cable? A Comprehensive Technical Guide to Heavy-Duty Mining and Industrial Flexible Cables with EPR Insulation for Extreme Environments

What is PROTOMONT NSSHOEU 1 kV Low Voltage Flexible Rubber Cable?

PROTOMONT NSSHOEU series represents a category of heavy-duty, low voltage flexible rubber cables engineered specifically for demanding industrial environments. These cables are designed to provide reliable power transmission in applications where conventional cables would fail due to extreme mechanical stress, environmental exposure, or chemical contact. The designation NSSHOEU follows German cable nomenclature standards where each letter indicates specific construction characteristics. The cables are manufactured according to DIN VDE 0250-812 specifications, which define requirements for rubber-insulated flexible cables used in power installations. According to industry standards, these cables are engineered for environments where high levels of mechanical stress and abrasion are expected, making them essential for modern mining, construction, and industrial operations.
PROTOLON(M) F(N)TSCGEWOEU Cable

What is PROTOLON(M) F(N)TSCGEWOEU Cable?

PROTOLON(M) F(N)TSCGEWOEU represents a premium series of medium voltage trailing cables specifically engineered for demanding industrial applications. These cables feature advanced EPR (Ethylene Propylene Rubber) insulation technology, delivering exceptional performance in voltage ranges from 3.6/6 kV to 20/35 kV. The PROTOLON compound provides superior electrical insulation properties and mechanical resilience compared to standard EPR formulations.
PROTOLON(M) F(N)TSCGEWOEU 3 kV – 30 kV Medium Voltage Flexible Cables High-Performance EPR-Insulated Trailing Cables for Semiflexible Installation in Mining, Material Handling, and Industrial Applications

PROTOLON(M) F(N)TSCGEWOEU 3 kV – 30 kV Medium Voltage Flexible Cables

PROTOLON(M) F(N)TSCGEWOEU series represents a specialized family of medium voltage flexible cables designed for demanding industrial environments where conventional fixed installation cables prove inadequate. These cables are engineered specifically for semiflexible installation applications, combining the durability required for mobile equipment with the electrical performance characteristics essential for medium voltage power distribution systems operating between 3 kV and 30 kV. According to the International Electrotechnical Commission, medium voltage cables are critical components in power distribution systems, with IEC 60502-2 establishing comprehensive requirements for cables rated from 6 kV (Um = 7.2 kV) up to 30 kV (Um = 36 kV), ensuring rigorous safety and performance standards across diverse industrial applications. The PROTOLON(M) F(N)TSCGEWOEU cable series is engineered to meet and exceed these stringent international requirements while addressing the specific mechanical demands of mobile and reeling applications.
NTMCGCWOEU 1x240_25 KON, 12_20kV

What is PROTOLON(SB) NTSCGEWOEU 6 kV – 20 kV Cable for Excavators in Open-Cast Mining?

PROTOLON(SB) NTSCGEWOEU cable represents a specialized category of medium voltage trailing cables engineered specifically for the most demanding mining applications. As power supply and connection cables for large material handling machines such as excavators in open-cast mines, these cables must withstand extremely high mechanical stresses where abrasion and chaffing stresses are expected in trailing operation.
PROTOLON(M) R-(N)TSCGEWOEU FO represents a sophisticated engineering solution that combines medium voltage power transmission with integrated fiber-optic communication capabilities in a single cable design. This innovative reeling cable is specifically engineered for demanding industrial applications where large mobile equipment requires simultaneous electrical power supply and high-speed data transmission under extreme mechanical stress conditions. The cable is manufactured according to the stringent requirements of DIN VDE 0250-813 standard, which is recognized globally as the definitive specification for flexible trailing cables used in heavy industrial applications.

What is PROTOLON(M) R-(N)TSCGEWOEU FO 6 kV – 35 kV Medium Voltage Reeling Cable with Integrated Fiber-Optics?

PROTOLON(M) R-(N)TSCGEWOEU FO represents a sophisticated engineering solution that combines medium voltage power transmission with integrated fiber-optic communication capabilities in a single cable design. This innovative reeling cable is specifically engineered for demanding industrial applications where large mobile equipment requires simultaneous electrical power supply and high-speed data transmission under extreme mechanical stress conditions. The cable is manufactured according to the stringent requirements of DIN VDE 0250-813 standard, which is recognized globally as the definitive specification for flexible trailing cables used in heavy industrial applications.
PROTOLON(M) R-(N)TSCGEWOEU

What is PROTOLON(M) R-(N)TSCGEWOEU 6 kV – 35 kV Reeling Cable?

PROTOLON(M) R-(N)TSCGEWOEU represents a highly engineered family of medium voltage flexible reeling cables specifically designed for demanding applications in open-cast mining, heavy industrial operations, and material handling equipment. Manufactured according to DIN VDE 0250-813 standards and certified by multiple international regulatory bodies including GOST-R and Fire Certificates of Russian Federation, these cables deliver exceptional performance under extreme mechanical stresses characteristic of mining environments. These cables are engineered for connection of large material handling machines such as excavators, dumpers, and mobile crushers in open-cast mines, where equipment must maintain continuous power supply while subjected to high mechanical stresses, extreme temperature variations, and harsh environmental conditions. The cable construction features a three-core design with split earth conductors positioned in the interstices, providing enhanced safety and grounding performance critical for mining operations.
R(N)TSCGEWOU

Mining Cable Applications: Extra Heavy Duty Solutions for Extreme Global Mining Conditions

Mining operations worldwide demand the most reliable and durable electrical cable solutions available. Extra heavy duty mining cables with specialized outer jackets have consistently exceeded performance expectations in the most severe mining conditions across Europe, North America, South America, Australia, and Asia, establishing themselves as the industry standard for stringent mining applications. These cables represent critical infrastructure components that power essential mining equipment from underground continuous miners to massive surface draglines, operating reliably in environments characterized by extreme mechanical stress, chemical exposure, moisture, and temperature variations.
ANSI/NEMA WC 58 / ICEA S-75-381: Portable and Power Feeder Cables for Mining Applications

ANSI/NEMA WC 58 / ICEA S-75-381: Portable and Power Feeder Cables for Mining Applications

ANSI/NEMA WC 58 / ICEA S-75-381 standard represents one of the most comprehensive specifications for portable and power feeder cables used in mining environments. According to industry analysis, this standard represents one of the most rigorous cable specifications ever developed, specifically addressing the unique challenges encountered in both surface and underground mining operations where equipment reliability directly impacts production efficiency and worker safety.
BS 6708 Type 21 Trailing Cable

What is BS 6708 Type 21 Trailing Cable?

BS 6708 Type 21 mining cable represents an advanced variant of galvanized steel pliable wire armoured flexible cables specifically engineered for demanding mining and quarrying applications requiring a dedicated fourth earth conductor. This four-core configuration distinguishes Type 21 from the three-core Type 20, providing enhanced safety features and compliance with electrical regulations that mandate separate protective earth conductors in mining installations. Key Identification: Type 21 cables feature four unscreened cores (three phase conductors plus one earth conductor) laid up around an elastomeric cradle without contacting each other, protected by galvanized steel pliable armour between inner and outer sheaths. Rated at 640/1100V with a 3kV test voltage, these cables are designed for use in deep mines where explosive gases and dust can accumulate, as well as surface operations supplying excavating, crushing machines and equipment.
Type 20 BS 6708 Mining Cable

What is Type 20 BS 6708 Mining Cable?

BS 6708 Type 20 mining cable represents a specialized category of galvanized steel pliable wire armoured flexible cables engineered for the most demanding mining and quarrying applications. This cable type is characterized by its robust construction featuring three unscreened cores laid up around an elastomeric cradle without contacting each other, protected by galvanized steel pliable armour that provides exceptional mechanical protection while maintaining the flexibility essential for mobile mining equipment applications. Key Identification: Type 20 mining cables are classified within BS 6708 as cables with galvanized steel pliable wire armouring, featuring unscreened cores and a rated voltage of 640/1100V. These cables are specifically designated for use in deep mines where explosive gases and dust can accumulate, as well as surface operations for supplying excavating, crushing machines, and equipment requiring robust mechanical protection.
TYPE 455 mining cables represent an optimized category of Class 2 heavy-duty elastomer-sheathed cables specifically engineered for applications demanding minimal cable diameter and reduced weight per meter while maintaining comprehensive electrical protection. Manufactured in strict accordance with AS/NZS 2802:2000 standards, these cables are designed for voltage ratings from 1.1 kilovolts to 11 kilovolts, with a construction philosophy emphasizing reduced insulation thickness and elimination of cradle separators to achieve lower overall mass and diameter. The incorporation of two earth conductors and one pilot conductor positioned in outer interstices, combined with EPR insulation and semiconductive screening systems, makes these cables particularly well-suited for stacker reclaimer installations, dragline operations, and other slow reeling applications where cable weight directly impacts equipment performance and operational efficiency. The design represents a strategic balance between electrical performance requirements and mechanical handling considerations, offering mining operations a purpose-built solution for specific application scenarios where traditional heavier cable constructions would impose unacceptable operational constraints.

What is TYPE 455 1.1 to 11kV Mining Cables to AS/NZS 2802:2000?

TYPE 455 mining cables represent an optimized category of Class 2 heavy-duty elastomer-sheathed cables specifically engineered for applications demanding minimal cable diameter and reduced weight per meter while maintaining comprehensive electrical protection. Manufactured in strict accordance with AS/NZS 2802:2000 standards, these cables are designed for voltage ratings from 1.1 kilovolts to 11 kilovolts, with a construction philosophy emphasizing reduced insulation thickness and elimination of cradle separators to achieve lower overall mass and diameter. The incorporation of two earth conductors and one pilot conductor positioned in outer interstices, combined with EPR insulation and semiconductive screening systems, makes these cables particularly well-suited for stacker reclaimer installations, dragline operations, and other slow reeling applications where cable weight directly impacts equipment performance and operational efficiency. The design represents a strategic balance between electrical performance requirements and mechanical handling considerations, offering mining operations a purpose-built solution for specific application scenarios where traditional heavier cable constructions would impose unacceptable operational constraints.
What is TYPE 450 1.1 to 33kV Mining Cables to AS/NZS 2802:2000?

What is TYPE 450 1.1 to 33kV Mining Cables to AS/NZS 2802:2000?

TYPE 450 cables occupy a critical position within this standard as Class 2 cables, distinguished by their incorporation of semiconductive screening systems essential for medium to high voltage applications. The designation “Type 450” refers to the cable’s construction classification within AS/NZS 2802:2000, with the numeric suffix (450.3, 450.6, 450.11, 450.22, 450.33) indicating the voltage rating in kilovolts. These cables are specifically engineered for slow reeling and trailing applications where equipment such as draglines, excavators, and wharf cranes requires flexible power connections that can withstand thousands of reeling cycles while maintaining electrical integrity and mechanical reliability.
TYPE 441 mining cables represent a specialized category of heavy-duty elastomer sheathed power cables engineered specifically for the demanding environments of surface and underground mining operations. Compliant with the rigorous AS/NZS 2802:2000 standard, these cables deliver reliable electrical power at voltage ratings from 1.1 kilovolts through 11 kilovolts to mobile mining equipment such as draglines, drilling rigs, excavators, and other heavy machinery requiring continuous power during trailing and reeling operations.

TYPE 441 1.1 to 11KV Mining Cables to AS/NZS 2802:2000

TYPE 441 mining cables represent a specialized category of heavy-duty elastomer sheathed power cables engineered specifically for the demanding environments of surface and underground mining operations. Compliant with the rigorous AS/NZS 2802:2000 standard, these cables deliver reliable electrical power at voltage ratings from 1.1 kilovolts through 11 kilovolts to mobile mining equipment such as draglines, drilling rigs, excavators, and other heavy machinery requiring continuous power during trailing and reeling operations.
What is TYPE 440 1.1 to 11KV Mining Cable to AS/NZS 2802:2000?

What is TYPE 440 1.1 to 11KV Mining Cable to AS/NZS 2802:2000?

TYPE 440 mining cables represent a specialized category of heavy-duty flexible trailing cables designed specifically for power distribution in mining operations. These cables serve as the electrical lifelines of mining operations, delivering power to mobile machinery and equipment across voltage ranges from 1.1kV to 22kV.
TYPE 241 mining cables represent a specialized category of elastomer-insulated, semiconductive-screened power cables specifically engineered for the demanding operational conditions encountered in underground coal mining environments.

What is TYPE 241 1.1 to 22kV Mining Cables to AS/NZS 1802:2003?

TYPE 241 mining cables represent a specialized category of elastomer-insulated, semiconductive-screened power cables specifically engineered for the demanding operational conditions encountered in underground coal mining environments.
MSHA Mining Cable: Comprehensive Technical Guide Professional Mining Power Cables Complying with US Mine Safety & Health Administration Standards

MSHA Mining Cable: Comprehensive Technical Guide

MSHA mining cables represent a specialized category of industrial power cables specifically designed, tested, and approved for use in mining operations under regulations established by the United States Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA). These cables serve critical functions in both underground and surface mining environments, delivering electrical power to mobile equipment, continuous miners, draglines, shuttle cars, and various other mining machinery while maintaining the highest standards of safety in potentially hazardous atmospheres.
CEI 20-27 CENELEC HD361 Cable

What is CEI 20-27 CENELEC HD361 Cable?

CEI 20-27 CENELEC HD361 represents a standardized cable designation system developed by the European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardisation (CENELEC) to provide uniform identification and classification of harmonized power cables and cords across European markets. This systematic coding methodology enables engineers, procurement specialists, and electrical contractors to precisely identify cable specifications including voltage ratings, insulation materials, conductor types, and sheathing compounds through a structured alphanumeric designation format.