AS\/NZS 1802 Type 9 11kV 3\u00d7120mm\u00b2 Double Wire Armour Shaft Cable for Deep Mine Installations \u2014 Freeport Indonesia Grasberg Specification | Feichun Cable<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Complete engineering and sourcing guide: AS\/NZS 1802 Type 9 6.35\/11kV and 11\/11kV 3\u00d7120mm\u00b2 double wire armour (DWA) shaft cable for vertical mine installations exceeding 800 meters. Engineered for Freeport Indonesia Grasberg deep underground copper-gold mine. Galvanized contra-wound steel wire armour, self-weight suspension calculation, seismic load design, aggressive groundwater resistance, fire-propagation-resistant sheath. Full BOM, ampacity derating for geothermal gradient, procurement strategy for Papua mine logistics.\">\n<meta name=\"keywords\" content=\"Type 9 cable, AS\/NZS 1802 Type 9, 11kV mining cable, double wire armour cable, DWA shaft cable, 3x120mm2 shaft cable, Freeport Indonesia cable, Grasberg mine cable, deep shaft cable, vertical mine cable, contra-wound armour, self-weight suspension cable, galvanized steel wire armour, mine shaft power cable, XLPE insulation 11kV, copper conductor 120mm2, shaft riser cable, mine dewatering pump cable, underground substation feeder, cable vertical suspension, armour breaking strength, safety factor shaft cable, seismic rated mining cable, fire retardant shaft cable, AS\/NZS 1660 flame test, Papua mining cable, block cave mining, DMLZ Grasberg, GBC Grasberg, copper gold mine cable, aggressive groundwater cable, high altitude mine cable, geothermal gradient derating, cable self-weight calculation, shaft cable termination, cable cleating vertical, 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p{margin-bottom:.35rem;color:var(--c-secondary)}.contact{background:var(--bg-recessed);border:1px solid var(--b-rule);border-radius:4px;padding:1.5rem;margin-top:2.5rem}.contact h3{font-size:.98rem;margin-bottom:.7rem;color:var(--c-body)}.cg{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(auto-fit,minmax(210px,1fr));gap:.75rem}.ci{font-size:.83rem;color:var(--c-secondary);line-height:1.45}.ci .lb{font-weight:600;font-size:.7rem;letter-spacing:.06em;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--c-tertiary);display:block;margin-bottom:.1rem}.ci a{color:var(--c-link);text-decoration:none}.ft{margin-top:2rem;padding-top:1.5rem;border-top:1px solid var(--b-light);font-size:.75rem;color:var(--c-tertiary);text-align:center;line-height:1.55}@media(max-width:600px){.page-wrap{padding:1.2rem 1rem 3rem}.hdr h1{font-size:1.35rem}}<\/style>\n\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">\n{\n \"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\",\n \"@type\": \"TechArticle\",\n \"headline\": \"AS\/NZS 1802 Type 9 11kV 3\u00d7120mm\u00b2 Double Wire Armour Shaft Cable for Deep Mine Installations \u2014 Freeport Indonesia Grasberg Specification\",\n \"description\": \"Complete engineering and sourcing guide for double wire armour shaft cable designed for vertical mine installations exceeding 800 meters at Freeport Indonesia's Grasberg deep underground copper-gold mine. Covers contra-wound galvanized steel wire armour, self-weight suspension engineering, seismic design, geothermal derating, and aggressive groundwater resistance.\",\n \"author\": {\n \"@type\": \"Organization\",\n \"name\": \"Anhui Feichun Special Cable Co., Ltd.\",\n \"url\": \"https:\/\/www.feichuncables.com\",\n \"email\": \"tech@feichuncables.com\"\n },\n \"datePublished\": \"2026-03-09\",\n \"keywords\": \"Type 9 cable, AS\/NZS 1802, 11kV, double wire armour, DWA shaft cable, Freeport Indonesia, Grasberg mine, deep shaft installation, contra-wound armour, vertical suspension, seismic cable\",\n \"about\": {\n \"@type\": \"Product\",\n \"name\": \"AS\/NZS 1802 Type 9 6.35\/11kV 3\u00d7120mm\u00b2 Double Wire Armour Shaft Cable (Deep Mine Specification)\",\n \"manufacturer\": {\n \"@type\": \"Organization\",\n \"name\": \"Anhui Feichun Special Cable Co., Ltd.\"\n }\n }\n}\n<\/script>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">\n{\n \"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\",\n \"@type\": \"FAQPage\",\n \"mainEntity\": [\n {\n \"@type\": \"Question\",\n \"name\": \"What is the AS\/NZS 1802 Type 9 double wire armour shaft cable?\",\n \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n \"text\": \"The AS\/NZS 1802 Type 9 is a heavy-duty medium-voltage fixed-installation mining cable with double galvanized steel wire armour (DWA) designed for vertical shaft risers and steep-decline power distribution in underground mines. The double wire armour consists of two contra-wound layers of galvanized steel wire that provide both mechanical protection and the tensile strength necessary for the cable to support its own weight over vertical drops exceeding 800 meters. The 11kV 3\u00d7120mm\u00b2 configuration delivers up to approximately 300 amperes to underground substations, dewatering pumps, ventilation fans, and block-cave mining infrastructure. Feichun Cable manufactures a deep-mine variant engineered specifically for installations at Freeport Indonesia's Grasberg complex, with enhanced groundwater resistance, seismic load margin, and fire-propagation-resistant sheathing.\"\n }\n },\n {\n \"@type\": \"Question\",\n \"name\": \"Why does a deep mine shaft cable require double wire armour instead of single wire armour?\",\n \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n \"text\": \"Single wire armour (SWA) is adequate for horizontal or shallow-angle cable installations where gravitational load is minimal. In vertical shaft installations exceeding 300\u2013400 meters, the cable must support its own weight\u2014which for an 11kV 3\u00d7120mm\u00b2 cable can exceed 5,000 kg over an 800-meter drop. Single wire armour lacks sufficient tensile cross-section to support this load with the required safety factor of 6\u20138\u00d7. Additionally, SWA applies a net torsional force to the cable under tension because all wires are wound in the same direction; this torque causes the cable to rotate and twist in the shaft, eventually damaging internal core geometry. Double wire armour uses two contra-wound layers\u2014the outer layer wound opposite to the inner layer\u2014which cancels the net torsional moment to near-zero, preventing shaft cable rotation. The combined tensile strength of two armour layers provides the mechanical safety margin required for deep mine installations.\"\n }\n },\n {\n \"@type\": \"Question\",\n \"name\": \"What voltage rating does Freeport Indonesia require for 11kV shaft cables?\",\n \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n \"text\": \"Freeport Indonesia's Grasberg underground complex uses 11kV as the primary medium-voltage distribution level. The voltage designation depends on the earthing system: for solidly-grounded or resistance-grounded systems, the cable is designated 6.35\/11kV (Uo\/U), where Uo = U\/\u221a3 = 6.35kV phase-to-earth. For IT (isolated neutral) systems that allow continued operation on first earth fault, the designation becomes 11\/11kV (Uo = U). Feichun Cable manufactures both variants with correct sheath marking and insulation thickness matched to the voltage designation. Site electrical engineers must verify the earthing system configuration of the specific shaft distribution system before specifying the cable voltage class.\"\n }\n },\n {\n \"@type\": \"Question\",\n \"name\": \"How is shaft cable ampacity affected by geothermal gradient in deep mines?\",\n \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n \"text\": \"In deep mine shafts, rock temperature increases with depth at a geothermal gradient of approximately 10\u201330\u00b0C per kilometer depending on local geology. At the Grasberg complex, shaft bottom temperatures can exceed 50\u201355\u00b0C at working depths of 1,000+ meters. Cable ampacity must be derated for the highest ambient temperature encountered along the shaft length\u2014typically the shaft bottom. A cable rated 315 A at 25\u00b0C ambient may derate to approximately 260\u2013270 A at 50\u00b0C ambient. The critical engineering error is using surface ambient temperature for ampacity calculation; the design temperature must be the worst-case temperature at the deepest point of the vertical cable run.\"\n }\n },\n {\n \"@type\": \"Question\",\n \"name\": \"Can Feichun Cable supply Type 9 DWA cables to Freeport Indonesia's Papua site?\",\n \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n \"text\": \"Yes. Feichun Cable manufactures Type 9 11kV 3\u00d7120mm\u00b2 double wire armour shaft cables as a standard deep-mine production specification with enhanced galvanized armour wire, XLPE insulation rated for aggressive groundwater chemistry, longitudinal water-blocking, and fire-retardant LSZH or heavy-duty PCP outer sheath. Production lead time is 12\u201316 weeks with shipping to Amamapare port (Freeport Indonesia's dedicated logistics terminal in Papua) via established freight routes. Full material traceability documentation, type test certificates, and IEC\/AS\/NZS compliance reports are provided with each shipment.\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}\n<\/script>\n\n<\/head>\n\n<body>\n<article class=\"page-wrap\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/TechArticle\">\n\n <header class=\"hdr\">\n <span class=\"badge\">Feichun Special Cable \u2014 Deep Mine Shaft Cable Engineering<\/span>\n <h1 itemprop=\"headline\">AS\/NZS 1802 Type 9 11kV 3\u00d7120mm\u00b2 Double Wire Armour Shaft Cable for Deep Mine Installations: Freeport Indonesia Grasberg Specification & Procurement Guide<\/h1>\n <p class=\"sub\" itemprop=\"description\">Contra-Wound Galvanized Steel DWA for Vertical Suspension Exceeding 800 Meters. Self-Weight Suspension Engineering, Seismic Load Design Margin, Aggressive Copper-Bearing Groundwater Resistance, Fire-Propagation-Resistant Sheath for Shaft Chimney-Effect Environments. Why Freeport Indonesia’s Grasberg Underground Block-Cave Operations Require Purpose-Engineered Shaft Cables That Standard Fixed-Installation Designs Cannot Survive. Full BOM, Ampacity Derating for Geothermal Gradient, IT and Resistance-Grounded Voltage Options, and Papua Logistics Strategy.<\/p>\n <p class=\"sub-cn\">\u53cd\u5411\u7ede\u5408\u9540\u950c\u94a2\u4e1d\u53cc\u5c42\u94e0\u88c5\uff0c\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u8d85\u8fc7 800 \u7c73\u7684\u5782\u76f4\u60ac\u6302\u3002\u81ea\u91cd\u60ac\u6302\u5de5\u7a0b\u8bbe\u8ba1\u3001\u6297\u9707\u8377\u8f7d\u88d5\u5ea6\u3001\u8010\u542b\u94dc\u9178\u6027\u5730\u4e0b\u6c34\u8150\u8680\u3001\u7ad6\u4e95\u70df\u56f1\u6548\u5e94\u73af\u5883\u4e0b\u7684\u963b\u71c3\u62a4\u5957\u3002\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u81ea\u7531\u6e2f\u5370\u5c3c\u683c\u62c9\u65af\u4f2f\u683c\u5730\u4e0b\u5d29\u843d\u6cd5\u91c7\u77ff\u4f5c\u4e1a\u9700\u8981\u6807\u51c6\u56fa\u5b9a\u5b89\u88c5\u7535\u7f06\u65e0\u6cd5\u627f\u53d7\u7684\u4e13\u7528\u7ad6\u4e95\u7535\u7f06\u3002\u5b8c\u6574 BOM \u53c2\u6570\u8868\u3001\u5730\u70ed\u68af\u5ea6\u964d\u5bb9\u8ba1\u7b97\u3001IT \u548c\u7535\u963b\u63a5\u5730\u7535\u538b\u9009\u9879\u3001\u5df4\u5e03\u4e9a\u7269\u6d41\u7b56\u7565\u3002<\/p>\n <div class=\"meta\">\n <span itemprop=\"author\">Anhui Feichun Special Cable Co., Ltd.<\/span> | <time datetime=\"2026-03-09\" itemprop=\"datePublished\">Mar 09, 2026<\/time> | <span>Reading time: ~35 min<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/header>\n\n <nav class=\"toc\" aria-label=\"Table of Contents\">\n <div class=\"toc-label\">Contents<\/div>\n <ol>\n <li><a href=\"#s1\">The Direct Answer: What Is the Type 9 11kV DWA Shaft Cable?<\/a><\/li>\n <li><a href=\"#s2\">Why Freeport Indonesia? The Grasberg Deep Underground Challenge<\/a><\/li>\n <li><a href=\"#s3\">Why Double Wire Armour? The Engineering of Vertical Suspension<\/a><\/li>\n <li><a href=\"#s4\">11kV Voltage Rating: IT System vs. Resistance-Grounded Designation<\/a><\/li>\n <li><a href=\"#s5\">Deep Shaft Environment: Four Failure Mechanisms That Destroy Standard Cables<\/a><\/li>\n <li><a href=\"#s6\">Deep-Mine Engineering: Five Design Features for Shaft Survival<\/a><\/li>\n <li><a href=\"#s7\">Complete Technical Specifications (BOM Data)<\/a><\/li>\n <li><a href=\"#s8\">Electrical Parameters and Geothermal Ampacity Derating<\/a><\/li>\n <li><a href=\"#s9\">Mechanical Parameters: Self-Weight Suspension and Seismic Design<\/a><\/li>\n <li><a href=\"#s10\">Structural Cross-Section: Layer-by-Layer Construction Analysis<\/a><\/li>\n <li><a href=\"#s11\">Single Wire Armour vs. Double Wire Armour: Why SWA Fails in Deep Shafts<\/a><\/li>\n <li><a href=\"#s12\">Procurement Strategy, Papua Logistics, and Why Feichun Cable<\/a><\/li>\n <\/ol>\n <\/nav>\n\n <div class=\"body\">\n\n \n <h2 id=\"s1\">1. The Direct Answer: What Is the Type 9 11kV DWA Shaft Cable?<\/h2>\n\n <div class=\"note amber\">\n <div class=\"nt\">Quick Answer for Engineers<\/div>\n <p>The <strong>AS\/NZS 1802 Type 9 6.35\/11kV (or 11\/11kV) 3\u00d7120mm\u00b2<\/strong> is a heavy-duty medium-voltage fixed-installation mining cable with <strong>double galvanized steel wire armour (DWA)<\/strong> designed for vertical shaft risers, steep-decline feeders, and permanent underground power distribution in deep mines. The double armour consists of two contra-wound layers of galvanized steel wire that provide both mechanical protection and the tensile strength necessary for the cable to support its own suspended weight over vertical drops exceeding 800 meters without additional intermediate supports. The 3\u00d7120mm\u00b2 copper conductor configuration delivers approximately 260\u2013315 amperes (depending on ambient temperature) to underground transformer substations, main dewatering pumps, primary ventilation fans, and block-cave mining infrastructure. Feichun Cable manufactures a <strong>deep-mine shaft variant<\/strong> purpose-engineered for installations at Freeport Indonesia’s Grasberg complex\u2014featuring enhanced hot-dip galvanized armour wire, XLPE insulation resistant to aggressive copper-bearing groundwater, longitudinal water-blocking throughout, and a fire-propagation-resistant outer sheath designed for the chimney-effect ventilation environment inherent to vertical mine shafts.<\/p>\n <\/div>\n\n <p>If you are an electrical engineer, mine planning engineer, or procurement specialist specifying shaft cables for Freeport Indonesia’s Grasberg underground operations\u2014including the Deep Mill Level Zone (DMLZ), the Grasberg Block Cave (GBC), or future deep-level expansions\u2014this cable is your primary medium-voltage vertical distribution specification. The double wire armour provides the mechanical integrity that single-armour cables cannot achieve at Grasberg’s shaft depths, and the deep-mine material package addresses the specific environmental stresses (aggressive groundwater chemistry, high geothermal temperatures, seismic activity, shaft fire propagation risk) that make Grasberg one of the most demanding cable installation environments in the global mining industry.<\/p>\n\n <p class=\"cn\">\u5982\u679c\u60a8\u662f\u4e3a\u81ea\u7531\u6e2f\u5370\u5c3c\u683c\u62c9\u65af\u4f2f\u683c\u5730\u4e0b\u4f5c\u4e1a\u2014\u2014\u5305\u62ec\u6df1\u90e8\u78e8\u77ff\u6c34\u5e73\u533a\uff08DMLZ\uff09\u3001\u683c\u62c9\u65af\u4f2f\u683c\u5d29\u843d\u6cd5\u91c7\u77ff\u533a\uff08GBC\uff09\u6216\u672a\u6765\u6df1\u5c42\u6269\u5c55\u2014\u2014\u9009\u578b\u7ad6\u4e95\u7535\u7f06\u7684\u7535\u6c14\u5de5\u7a0b\u5e08\u3001\u77ff\u5c71\u89c4\u5212\u5de5\u7a0b\u5e08\u6216\u91c7\u8d2d\u4e13\u5458\uff0c\u8fd9\u6b3e\u7535\u7f06\u5c31\u662f\u60a8\u7684\u4e2d\u538b\u5782\u76f4\u914d\u7535\u9996\u9009\u89c4\u683c\u3002\u53cc\u5c42\u94a2\u4e1d\u94e0\u88c5\u63d0\u4f9b\u5355\u5c42\u94e0\u88c5\u5728\u683c\u62c9\u65af\u4f2f\u683c\u7ad6\u4e95\u6df1\u5ea6\u4e0b\u65e0\u6cd5\u5b9e\u73b0\u7684\u673a\u68b0\u5b8c\u6574\u6027\uff0c\u6df1\u4e95\u6750\u6599\u65b9\u6848\u5e94\u5bf9\u683c\u62c9\u65af\u4f2f\u683c\u7279\u6709\u7684\u542b\u94dc\u9178\u6027\u5730\u4e0b\u6c34\u3001\u9ad8\u5730\u70ed\u6e29\u5ea6\u3001\u5730\u9707\u6d3b\u52a8\u548c\u7ad6\u4e95\u706b\u707e\u8513\u5ef6\u98ce\u9669\u3002<\/p>\n\n <p>This article provides the complete engineering foundation for specifying, procuring, and installing this cable in deep mine shaft environments. Every material choice, every mechanical calculation, and every design feature described below serves a specific engineering purpose in the context of vertical installation at extreme depth. This is not a catalog datasheet; it is a shaft cable engineering decision guide written for the teams who must deliver reliable 11kV power to the bottom of one of the world’s deepest operating mines.<\/p>\n\n\n \n <h2 id=\"s2\">2. Why Freeport Indonesia? The Grasberg Deep Underground Challenge<\/h2>\n\n <p><strong>The Scale of Grasberg:<\/strong> The Grasberg mining complex, operated by PT Freeport Indonesia (a subsidiary of Freeport-McMoRan Inc.) in the highlands of Papua province, Indonesia, is among the world’s largest copper and gold mining operations. The complex sits at approximately 4,000 meters above sea level in the Sudirman Range, and its underground workings extend more than 1,000 meters below the surface entry points. The transition from the original Grasberg open pit to the massive underground block-cave operations\u2014the DMLZ and GBC\u2014has created one of the most technically demanding underground mining environments on Earth. Block-cave mining at this scale requires permanent, high-capacity electrical infrastructure installed in vertical shafts and steep declines that feed power from surface switchgear down to underground distribution substations located at working levels hundreds of meters below.<\/p>\n\n <p><strong>The Shaft Cable Challenge:<\/strong> In a deep mine, the shaft cable is the arterial power link between the surface electrical supply and the entire underground operation. Everything below ground\u2014continuous miners, crushers, conveyors, dewatering pumps, ventilation systems, ore handling systems, personnel transport\u2014depends on uninterrupted power delivered through shaft cables. A shaft cable failure does not merely shut down a single machine; it can black out an entire underground level, halt dewatering (risking shaft flooding), disable ventilation (creating life-safety emergencies), and stop ore production across the entire block-cave operation. The consequence severity of shaft cable failure is categorically different from trailing cable failure: a trailing cable feeds one machine; a shaft cable feeds an entire mine level. This consequence severity drives every engineering decision in shaft cable design toward maximum reliability, maximum safety factor, and maximum service life.<\/p>\n\n <p><strong>Grasberg-Specific Conditions:<\/strong> The Grasberg underground environment presents a combination of challenges that few other mines in the world impose simultaneously: shaft depths exceeding 800 meters requiring cables to support enormous self-weight loads, aggressive groundwater chemistry with dissolved copper, low pH (2.5\u20134.5), and sulfate concentrations that attack steel armour and cable metallic components, the Papuan tectonic setting (part of the Pacific Ring of Fire) which subjects shaft infrastructure to seismic loading, ambient temperatures at depth of 45\u201355\u00b0C due to geothermal gradient combined with heat from the block-cave operation itself, and the logistical challenge of delivering heavy cable reels to a mine site accessible primarily by air and sea to the remote Amamapare port, followed by overland transport through tropical terrain to the highland mine complex. No off-the-shelf standard cable addresses all of these challenges simultaneously. A purpose-engineered shaft cable specification is not optional at Grasberg; it is a prerequisite for reliable underground power delivery.<\/p>\n\n <p class=\"cn\">\u683c\u62c9\u65af\u4f2f\u683c\u77ff\u4e1a\u7efc\u5408\u4f53\u662f\u5168\u7403\u6700\u5927\u7684\u94dc\u91d1\u77ff\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u5176\u5730\u4e0b\u5d29\u843d\u6cd5\u91c7\u77ff\u4f5c\u4e1a\u5ef6\u4f38\u81f3\u5730\u8868\u5165\u53e3\u4ee5\u4e0b\u8d85\u8fc7 1,000 \u7c73\u3002\u7ad6\u4e95\u7535\u7f06\u662f\u5730\u9762\u4f9b\u7535\u4e0e\u6574\u4e2a\u5730\u4e0b\u4f5c\u4e1a\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u52a8\u8109\u7ea7\u7535\u529b\u8fde\u63a5\u2014\u2014\u7ad6\u4e95\u7535\u7f06\u6545\u969c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u5173\u95ed\u4e00\u53f0\u8bbe\u5907\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u53ef\u80fd\u4f7f\u6574\u4e2a\u5730\u4e0b\u6c34\u5e73\u505c\u7535\u3001\u505c\u6b62\u6392\u6c34\u3001\u505c\u6b62\u901a\u98ce\u3002\u683c\u62c9\u65af\u4f2f\u683c\u540c\u65f6\u53e0\u52a0\u4e86\u8d85\u6df1\u5782\u76f4\u8377\u8f7d\u3001\u542b\u94dc\u9178\u6027\u5730\u4e0b\u6c34\u3001\u5730\u9707\u6d3b\u52a8\u3001\u6df1\u90e8\u9ad8\u6e29\u548c\u6781\u7aef\u504f\u8fdc\u7269\u6d41\u7b49\u6311\u6218\uff0c\u4f7f\u5176\u6210\u4e3a\u5168\u7403\u8981\u6c42\u6700\u82db\u523b\u7684\u7535\u7f06\u5b89\u88c5\u73af\u5883\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n \n <h2 id=\"s3\">3. Why Double Wire Armour? The Engineering of Vertical Suspension<\/h2>\n\n <p><strong>The Fundamental Problem\u2014Self-Weight:<\/strong> A cable installed horizontally on a cable tray or buried in a trench experiences negligible gravitational loading along its length. The same cable installed vertically in a mine shaft must support its own weight from the point of suspension at the shaft collar. For an 11kV 3\u00d7120mm\u00b2 cable with double wire armour, the total cable mass is approximately 6.5\u20137.5 kg per meter. Over an 800-meter vertical drop, the cable at the point of suspension supports a hanging mass of approximately 5,200\u20136,000 kilograms\u2014roughly the weight of a fully loaded four-wheel-drive utility vehicle. This gravitational load is not distributed; it concentrates entirely at the uppermost suspension cleat and at every intermediate cleating point where the cable changes direction or is mechanically anchored. The armour wires carry this load, and they must do so continuously for the designed cable service life of 25\u201330 years without creep, fatigue, or corrosion-induced failure.<\/p>\n\n <p><strong>Why Two Layers, Wound in Opposite Directions:<\/strong> The double wire armour (DWA) configuration uses two concentric layers of round galvanized steel wires, wound helically around the cable core. The critical engineering detail is that the two layers are wound in opposite directions\u2014the inner layer is wound clockwise (right-hand lay) and the outer layer is wound counter-clockwise (left-hand lay), or vice versa. This contra-wound arrangement serves two essential purposes. First, it approximately doubles the total cross-sectional area of steel armour compared to single wire armour (SWA), roughly doubling the tensile capacity. Second, and more importantly for shaft installation, the contra-wound layers cancel each other’s torsional moment. When a single layer of helically wound wire is placed under tension, it generates a torque that attempts to unwind the helix\u2014this torque causes the cable to rotate in the shaft, progressively twisting the internal core structure and eventually causing conductor breakage or insulation damage. With two contra-wound layers, the torque generated by the inner layer is opposed by an equal and opposite torque from the outer layer, resulting in near-zero net torsion on the cable. This torsional balance is not a minor refinement; it is a fundamental requirement for any cable suspended vertically over significant depth. Single wire armour cables that are installed in deep shafts without torsional restraint will rotate, and this rotation destroys them.<\/p>\n\n <span class=\"eq\">DWA Torsional Balance: T<sub>inner<\/sub> (clockwise) + T<sub>outer<\/sub> (counter-clockwise) \u2248 0 \u2192 Net cable rotation \u2248 0<\/span>\n\n <p><strong>Tensile Safety Factor:<\/strong> The mechanical safety factor for shaft cable suspension is not the typical 2\u20133\u00d7 used in general structural engineering. Mining regulations and best practice engineering standards require safety factors of 6\u00d7 to 8\u00d7 for shaft cables. This elevated safety factor accounts for dynamic loading during cable installation (winch acceleration and deceleration), seismic forces (horizontal acceleration that generates additional tensile load through cable sway), long-term armour wire strength degradation from corrosion (even with galvanization, some corrosion occurs over a 25-year service life in aggressive groundwater), temperature effects on steel mechanical properties, and the catastrophic consequence of cable failure in a mine shaft where replacement requires weeks of shaft downtime. For an 800-meter vertical installation with a cable mass of 7.0 kg\/m, the static tensile load is approximately 54.9 kN (5,600 kgf). At a safety factor of 8\u00d7, the required armour breaking strength is approximately 439 kN. This tensile requirement drives the specification toward heavy-gauge armour wires (typically 2.5\u20133.15mm diameter) in double-layer configuration.<\/p>\n\n <p class=\"cn\">\u53cc\u5c42\u53cd\u5411\u7ede\u5408\u94a2\u4e1d\u94e0\u88c5\u89e3\u51b3\u4e24\u4e2a\u6838\u5fc3\u5de5\u7a0b\u95ee\u9898\uff1a\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u53cc\u5c42\u63d0\u4f9b\u7ea6\u4e3a\u5355\u5c42\u4e24\u500d\u7684\u6297\u62c9\u622a\u9762\u79ef\uff0c\u6ee1\u8db3\u6df1\u7ad6\u4e95\u60ac\u6302\u6240\u9700\u7684 6\u20138 \u500d\u5b89\u5168\u7cfb\u6570\uff1b\u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u53cd\u5411\u7ede\u5408\u4f7f\u4e24\u5c42\u94e0\u88c5\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u626d\u77e9\u76f8\u4e92\u62b5\u6d88\uff0c\u9632\u6b62\u7535\u7f06\u5728\u7ad6\u4e95\u4e2d\u65cb\u8f6c\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u79cd\u65cb\u8f6c\u4f1a\u7834\u574f\u5185\u90e8\u5bfc\u4f53\u548c\u7edd\u7f18\u7ed3\u6784\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e 800 \u7c73\u5782\u76f4\u5b89\u88c5\uff0c\u7535\u7f06\u81ea\u91cd\u7ea6 5,200\u20136,000 \u516c\u65a4\uff0c\u8981\u6c42\u94e0\u88c5\u6781\u9650\u62c9\u4f38\u5f3a\u5ea6\u8fbe\u5230\u7ea6 440 kN\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n \n <h2 id=\"s4\">4. 11kV Voltage Rating: IT System vs. Resistance-Grounded Designation<\/h2>\n\n <p><strong>The Two Voltage Notations:<\/strong> An 11kV shaft cable can carry two different Uo\/U designations depending on the electrical system earthing method at the installation site. In a solidly-grounded or resistance-grounded system (the more common configuration for fixed high-power distribution at large mines), the phase-to-earth voltage under normal operation is the phase-to-phase voltage divided by the square root of three: Uo = 11kV \u00f7 \u221a3 \u2248 6.35kV. The cable designation is therefore 6.35\/11kV. In an IT (isolated neutral) system\u2014where the transformer neutral is unearthed or connected through a very high impedance\u2014a single earth fault causes the phase-to-earth voltage on healthy phases to rise to the full phase-to-phase voltage. The cable insulation must therefore be rated for Uo = U = 11kV, and the designation becomes 11\/11kV.<\/p>\n\n <p><strong>Which Designation Applies at Grasberg?<\/strong> Large underground mining operations typically use resistance-grounded systems for their main 11kV distribution because this configuration provides controlled fault currents that enable selective protection coordination without the sustained overvoltage conditions of IT systems. The Grasberg complex, designed by international engineering firms with experience in large-scale underground mining, uses a resistance-grounded 11kV distribution system for its main shaft power feeds. The standard designation for Grasberg shaft cables is therefore 6.35\/11kV. However, certain secondary distribution circuits within the underground complex may use IT earthing (particularly for mobile equipment distribution at 3.3kV or 1.1kV levels, following AS\/NZS practice). Engineers must verify the earthing configuration for each specific circuit before finalizing the cable voltage designation. Feichun Cable manufactures both 6.35\/11kV and 11\/11kV variants; the insulation wall thickness for the 11\/11kV variant is approximately 15\u201320% greater than the 6.35\/11kV variant to accommodate the higher continuous phase-to-earth stress.<\/p>\n\n <span class=\"eq\">Resistance-Grounded: Uo = U \u00f7 \u221a3 = 11 \u00f7 1.732 \u2248 6.35 kV \u2192 Cable marking: 6.35\/11kV<br>IT System: Uo = U = 11 kV \u2192 Cable marking: 11\/11kV<\/span>\n\n <p><strong>Insulation Thickness Implications:<\/strong> For the 6.35\/11kV designation, the minimum insulation wall thickness per AS\/NZS 1802 and IEC 60502-2 is approximately 3.4mm. For the 11\/11kV designation, the insulation wall must withstand the higher phase-to-earth stress continuously, requiring approximately 4.0\u20134.5mm wall thickness. The thicker insulation of the 11\/11kV variant increases the cable outer diameter, total weight, and cost. Where the earthing system permits the 6.35\/11kV rating, specifying this variant reduces cable weight per meter\u2014a meaningful consideration when the cable must support its own weight over an 800-meter vertical drop. Every kilogram per meter of cable weight translates to approximately 800 kilograms of additional load at the suspension point. The choice between 6.35\/11kV and 11\/11kV is therefore not merely an electrical decision; it has direct mechanical consequences for armour sizing, cleat design, and shaft steelwork loading.<\/p>\n\n <p class=\"cn\">11kV \u7ad6\u4e95\u7535\u7f06\u6709\u4e24\u79cd\u7535\u538b\u6807\u6ce8\uff1a\u7535\u963b\u63a5\u5730\u7cfb\u7edf\u4f7f\u7528 6.35\/11kV\uff08Uo = U\/\u221a3\uff09\uff0cIT \u7cfb\u7edf\u4f7f\u7528 11\/11kV\uff08Uo = U\uff09\u3002\u683c\u62c9\u65af\u4f2f\u683c\u4e3b\u914d\u7535\u7cfb\u7edf\u901a\u5e38\u91c7\u7528\u7535\u963b\u63a5\u5730\uff0c\u6807\u51c6\u6807\u6ce8\u4e3a 6.35\/11kV\u300211\/11kV \u53d8\u4f53\u7684\u7edd\u7f18\u58c1\u539a\u7ea6\u589e\u52a0 15\u201320%\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e0d\u4ec5\u589e\u52a0\u6210\u672c\uff0c\u8fd8\u589e\u52a0\u7535\u7f06\u81ea\u91cd\u2014\u2014\u5728 800 \u7c73\u5782\u76f4\u5b89\u88c5\u4e2d\uff0c\u6bcf\u7c73\u591a\u51fa\u7684\u91cd\u91cf\u5728\u60ac\u6302\u70b9\u7d2f\u79ef\u7ea6 800 \u516c\u65a4\u989d\u5916\u8377\u8f7d\u3002\u7535\u538b\u6807\u6ce8\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u4e0d\u4ec5\u662f\u7535\u6c14\u51b3\u7b56\uff0c\u66f4\u76f4\u63a5\u5f71\u54cd\u94e0\u88c5\u8bbe\u8ba1\u548c\u7ad6\u4e95\u94a2\u7ed3\u6784\u627f\u8f7d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n \n <h2 id=\"s5\">5. Deep Shaft Environment: Four Failure Mechanisms That Destroy Standard Cables<\/h2>\n\n <p>The Grasberg deep shaft environment subjects cables to a combination of stresses fundamentally different from surface or shallow underground installations. Four specific failure mechanisms must be addressed by shaft cable design; ignoring any one of them leads to premature cable failure with potentially catastrophic operational consequences.<\/p>\n\n <h3>Mechanism 1: Armour Corrosion \u2014 Aggressive Groundwater Attacks Steel Wire<\/h3>\n\n <p>Groundwater in the Grasberg complex is not benign. The ore body contains massive sulfide mineralization (primarily chalcopyrite, bornite, and pyrite) which generates acidic drainage with pH values as low as 2.5 when exposed to air and water. This acidic groundwater contains dissolved copper ions (which accelerate galvanic corrosion of steel and zinc), sulfate ions (which penetrate and undermine galvanized zinc coatings), and dissolved iron and manganese (which deposit as corrosive oxide films on cable surfaces). Standard galvanized steel wire armour, designed for service in neutral-pH environments, experiences accelerated zinc depletion in Grasberg groundwater. Once the zinc coating is consumed, the underlying carbon steel corrodes rapidly, losing cross-sectional area and tensile strength. In a shaft cable supporting thousands of kilograms of its own weight, armour wire corrosion directly reduces the mechanical safety factor. A cable installed with an 8\u00d7 safety factor that loses 25% of its armour cross-section through corrosion now operates at a 6\u00d7 safety factor\u2014still within acceptable limits, but trending toward the minimum. Continued corrosion below the 6\u00d7 threshold requires cable replacement regardless of the condition of the electrical conductors. The failure mode is mechanical, not electrical, but the consequence is the same: total loss of the shaft power circuit.<\/p>\n\n <h3>Mechanism 2: Geothermal Overtemperature \u2014 Heat From Below<\/h3>\n\n <p>Rock temperature in the Earth’s crust increases with depth at a rate known as the geothermal gradient. In the Grasberg region, this gradient is approximately 20\u201330\u00b0C per kilometer, influenced by the geologically active tectonic setting and the thermal output of the ore body’s sulfide oxidation reactions. At a shaft depth of 800 meters below the surface entry, rock temperature may reach 40\u201350\u00b0C. At 1,000 meters or greater, temperatures can exceed 55\u00b0C\u2014approaching the maximum continuous operating temperature of standard cable materials. The critical issue is that cable ampacity is determined by the difference between the maximum permissible conductor temperature (90\u00b0C for XLPE insulation) and the ambient temperature. At 55\u00b0C ambient, the available temperature rise is only 35\u00b0C compared to 65\u00b0C at a standard 25\u00b0C ambient\u2014a 46% reduction in thermal headroom that translates to a significant ampacity derating. Furthermore, the highest temperature occurs at the deepest point of the cable run, where the cable also supports the maximum gravitational load. If the conductor overheats due to insufficient derating, the XLPE insulation softens, reducing its mechanical strength and accelerating thermal aging. In a vertical installation where the insulation must also resist the compressive force of the cable’s own weight pressing cores against the armour, thermal softening can lead to insulation deformation and eventual electrical failure.<\/p>\n\n <h3>Mechanism 3: Seismic Loading \u2014 The Ring of Fire Factor<\/h3>\n\n <p>Papua province sits within one of the most seismically active zones on Earth\u2014the intersection of the Australian, Pacific, and Philippine Sea tectonic plates. The Grasberg mine has experienced multiple significant seismic events, including mine-induced seismicity from the block-cave operations themselves. During a seismic event, a cable suspended vertically in a shaft experiences lateral acceleration that causes it to sway, generating dynamic tensile loads that add to the static gravitational load. The magnitude of additional tensile loading depends on the cable’s suspended length (longer cables have lower natural frequencies and greater sway amplitudes), the peak ground acceleration of the seismic event, and the shaft geometry (obstructions that can impact the swaying cable). For a 600-meter suspended cable in a seismic event with 0.2g horizontal acceleration, the dynamic tensile load can increase the peak cable tension by 15\u201330% above the static value. If the armour has been sized only for static loading without seismic margin, a moderate earthquake can load the armour beyond its safe working capacity. This does not necessarily cause immediate cable rupture\u2014the armour wires yield before breaking\u2014but plastic deformation of the armour wires permanently damages the cable’s structural integrity and may distort the internal core geometry, causing electrical failures that manifest days or weeks after the seismic event.<\/p>\n\n <h3>Mechanism 4: Shaft Fire Propagation \u2014 The Chimney Effect<\/h3>\n\n <p>A vertical mine shaft functions as a natural chimney: hot gases and flames from a fire at any point in the shaft rise rapidly upward, creating an accelerating updraft that draws additional air (oxygen) from below and spreads the fire upward at velocities far exceeding horizontal fire propagation. A cable fire in a mine shaft is therefore not a localized event; it propagates vertically along the shaft at alarming speed, potentially destroying all cables, communications, and services in the shaft within minutes. The cables installed in a mine shaft are the primary fuel load for a shaft fire\u2014the sheath, bedding, and insulation materials are all combustible polymers. While no polymer cable is truly non-combustible, the choice of sheath and insulation materials dramatically affects fire propagation behavior. Standard PVC sheaths, for example, support flame propagation and emit dense, toxic hydrogen chloride smoke. Fire-retardant low-smoke zero-halogen (LSZH) compounds or heavily flame-retardant PCP (polychloroprene) compounds significantly reduce flame spread rate and toxic smoke generation, buying critical evacuation time. For a mine like Grasberg, where personnel work at depth and evacuation through the shaft is the primary escape route, cable fire performance is directly a life-safety specification, not merely a property-protection concern.<\/p>\n\n <p class=\"cn\">\u683c\u62c9\u65af\u4f2f\u683c\u6df1\u7ad6\u4e95\u73af\u5883\u901a\u8fc7\u56db\u79cd\u673a\u5236\u6467\u6bc1\u6807\u51c6\u7535\u7f06\uff1a\u542b\u94dc\u9178\u6027\u5730\u4e0b\u6c34\u8150\u8680\u94a2\u4e1d\u94e0\u88c5\u5e76\u964d\u4f4e\u673a\u68b0\u5b89\u5168\u7cfb\u6570\uff0c\u5730\u70ed\u68af\u5ea6\u4f7f\u6df1\u90e8\u73af\u5883\u6e29\u5ea6\u8d85\u8fc7 50\u00b0C \u5e76\u5927\u5e45\u524a\u51cf\u8f7d\u6d41\u91cf\uff0c\u5730\u9707\u8377\u8f7d\u5728\u9759\u6001\u81ea\u91cd\u4e4b\u4e0a\u53e0\u52a0 15\u201330% \u7684\u52a8\u6001\u62c9\u4f38\u529b\uff0c\u7ad6\u4e95\u70df\u56f1\u6548\u5e94\u4f7f\u706b\u707e\u4ee5\u8fdc\u8d85\u6c34\u5e73\u4f20\u64ad\u7684\u901f\u5ea6\u6cbf\u7535\u7f06\u5411\u4e0a\u8513\u5ef6\u3002\u8fd9\u56db\u79cd\u673a\u5236\u540c\u65f6\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u8981\u6c42\u7ad6\u4e95\u7535\u7f06\u5728\u6750\u6599\u9009\u62e9\u548c\u673a\u68b0\u8bbe\u8ba1\u4e0a\u5168\u9762\u8d85\u8d8a\u6807\u51c6\u56fa\u5b9a\u5b89\u88c5\u7535\u7f06\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n \n <h2 id=\"s6\">6. Deep-Mine Engineering: Five Design Features for Shaft Survival<\/h2>\n\n <p>Feichun Cable’s deep-mine Type 9 11kV DWA shaft cable addresses each failure mechanism identified above through specific material and structural engineering choices. These features are integrated into a single cable design that provides simultaneous protection against all four shaft-specific failure modes.<\/p>\n\n <h3>Feature 1: Heavy-Gauge Hot-Dip Galvanized Contra-Wound DWA<\/h3>\n\n <p>The double wire armour uses round galvanized steel wires of 2.5mm or 3.15mm diameter (dependent on required tensile capacity), hot-dip galvanized to a minimum zinc coating weight of 245 g\/m\u00b2 per AS\/NZS 4927 (Class 3 heavy coating). This zinc coating weight provides approximately two to three times the corrosion protection life of standard Class 1 galvanization (typically 80\u2013100 g\/m\u00b2). In Grasberg’s acidic groundwater environment, the heavy galvanization extends the time before zinc depletion exposes the underlying steel, providing 15\u201320 years of armour integrity compared to 5\u20138 years for standard galvanization. The two armour layers are wound in opposite directions with controlled lay lengths calculated to minimize net torsional moment under the specific tensile load of the target shaft depth. Feichun Cable calculates the optimal lay length ratio for each project’s shaft depth and cable weight, rather than using a generic lay configuration\u2014this ensures torsional balance at the actual operating load, not at an arbitrary design point.<\/p>\n\n <h3>Feature 2: XLPE Insulation with Water-Tree-Resistant Compound<\/h3>\n\n <p>The power core insulation uses cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) rather than EPR for shaft cable applications. While EPR offers superior flexibility (advantageous for reeling cables), shaft cables are fixed installations that do not flex in service, and XLPE provides two critical advantages in the shaft environment: significantly lower water absorption than EPR (approximately 0.01% vs. 0.1\u20130.3% for EPR), reducing moisture permeation to the conductor in the perpetually wet shaft environment, and higher dielectric strength per millimeter of insulation thickness, allowing a thinner insulation wall for equivalent voltage withstand (reducing cable weight\u2014critical for vertical suspension). The XLPE compound is formulated with water-tree-retardant (WTR) additives that impede the growth of microscopic moisture channels through the insulation under sustained voltage stress. In a shaft cable exposed to continuous groundwater seepage for decades, WTR-XLPE maintains its dielectric integrity substantially longer than standard XLPE compounds.<\/p>\n\n <h3>Feature 3: Longitudinal Water-Blocking Throughout<\/h3>\n\n <p>Unlike reeling cables where water-blocking primarily addresses capillary migration from sheath damage, shaft cables require longitudinal water-blocking as a defense against the continuous hydrostatic pressure of groundwater seeping through the shaft lining. At 800 meters depth, the hydrostatic head can generate significant pressure driving water into any cable breach. Feichun Cable’s shaft specification incorporates water-blocking at three levels: swellable tapes between the inner sheath and the armour layers (blocking water migration along the armour interstices), swellable yarns between the power cores and earth screen (blocking water from reaching the insulated conductors), and a water-blocking compound filling the armour wire interstices (preventing water from traveling longitudinally along the armour layer itself). This three-level water-blocking system ensures that a localized sheath breach does not propagate water contamination along the full shaft cable length.<\/p>\n\n <h3>Feature 4: Fire-Retardant Outer Sheath (FR-PCP or LSZH)<\/h3>\n\n <p>The outer sheath is specified in two variants depending on the mine’s fire safety philosophy. The first option is fire-retardant polychloroprene (FR-PCP), a heavily flame-retardant rubber compound that provides excellent mechanical toughness, abrasion resistance, and flame retardancy while maintaining flexibility for installation handling. FR-PCP self-extinguishes within seconds of flame removal and generates relatively low smoke volume, though it does produce some halogen-containing combustion products. The second option is low-smoke zero-halogen (LSZH) compound, which generates minimal smoke and zero halogenated combustion gases, providing maximum personnel safety during a shaft fire evacuation. LSZH compounds are somewhat less mechanically robust than PCP and require careful handling during installation to avoid sheath damage. Both variants are tested to AS\/NZS 3013 and IEC 60332-3 (Category A) vertical flame propagation requirements\u2014the most stringent cable fire test, specifically designed to simulate vertical shaft fire conditions. The choice between FR-PCP and LSZH depends on the mine’s risk assessment, ventilation configuration, and regulatory requirements. Feichun Cable provides detailed fire test reports for both options to support the mine’s fire engineering evaluation.<\/p>\n\n <h3>Feature 5: Anti-Drip Bedding Compound for Vertical Service<\/h3>\n\n <p>In vertical cable installations, the bedding compound between the cable core assembly and the armour layers is subjected to gravitational migration\u2014over years of service at elevated temperatures, soft bedding compounds can slowly flow downward, accumulating at the cable bottom and leaving upper sections with inadequate bedding. This migration exposes the insulation to direct contact with the steel armour wires, creating mechanical stress points that can damage the insulation over time. Feichun Cable’s shaft specification uses a non-drip (thixotropic) bedding compound that maintains its position and consistency throughout the cable’s operating temperature range (up to 90\u00b0C conductor temperature). The compound is specifically formulated to resist gravitational flow at the temperatures encountered in Grasberg’s deep shaft environment, ensuring uniform bedding protection from shaft collar to shaft bottom throughout the 25-year design life.<\/p>\n\n <p class=\"cn\">\u98de\u7eaf\u7535\u7f06\u6df1\u4e95 Type 9 \u901a\u8fc7\u4e94\u9879\u9488\u5bf9\u6027\u8bbe\u8ba1\u5b9e\u73b0\u7ad6\u4e95\u751f\u5b58\uff1a\u91cd\u9540\u950c\uff08245 g\/m\u00b2\uff09\u53cd\u5411\u7ede\u5408\u53cc\u5c42\u94e0\u88c5\u63d0\u4f9b\u8010\u8150\u8680\u548c\u6297\u62c9\u5f3a\u5ea6\uff0c\u8010\u6c34\u6811 XLPE \u7edd\u7f18\u5728\u6301\u7eed\u6d78\u6c34\u73af\u5883\u4e0b\u4fdd\u6301\u4ecb\u7535\u5b8c\u6574\u6027\uff0c\u4e09\u7ea7\u7eb5\u5411\u963b\u6c34\u7cfb\u7edf\u9632\u6b62\u6c34\u538b\u9a71\u52a8\u7684\u6c34\u5206\u6cbf\u7535\u7f06\u5168\u957f\u6269\u6563\uff0c\u963b\u71c3\u62a4\u5957\uff08FR-PCP \u6216 LSZH\uff09\u901a\u8fc7 IEC 60332-3 Category A \u5782\u76f4\u71c3\u70e7\u6d4b\u8bd5\uff0c\u9632\u6ef4\u843d\u586b\u5145\u5242\u5728\u5782\u76f4\u5b89\u88c5\u4e2d\u4e0d\u4f1a\u56e0\u91cd\u529b\u548c\u9ad8\u6e29\u53d1\u751f\u8fc1\u79fb\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n \n <h2 id=\"s7\">7. Complete Technical Specifications (BOM Data)<\/h2>\n\n <div class=\"tw\">\n <caption>Table 1 \u2014 Core Dimensions and Weight: Type 9 11kV 3\u00d7120mm\u00b2 DWA Deep-Mine Shaft Cable<\/caption>\n <table>\n <thead>\n <tr>\n <th>Parameter<\/th>\n <th>Specification<\/th>\n <th>Engineering Notes<\/th>\n <\/tr>\n <\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr>\n <td>Standard Reference<\/td>\n <td>AS\/NZS 1802 (Type 9) \/ IEC 60502-2<\/td>\n <td>Dual-standard compliance for international mining company acceptance<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Conductor Configuration<\/td>\n <td>3\u00d7120mm\u00b2 (power) + 3\u00d7earth screen<\/td>\n <td>Copper conductor; earth screen per mine earthing design<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Conductor Size (AWG Equivalent)<\/td>\n <td>120mm\u00b2 \u2248 4\/0 AWG<\/td>\n <td>AWG reference for compatibility with American-manufactured switchgear terminations<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Conductor Material<\/td>\n <td class=\"g\">Plain annealed copper, Class 2 stranded (IEC 60228)<\/td>\n <td>Class 2 stranded for fixed installation; sufficient flexibility for shaft threading during installation<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Conductor Screen<\/td>\n <td>Extruded semiconductive XLPE, bonded<\/td>\n <td>Eliminates air voids at conductor-insulation interface; critical for water-tree prevention<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Insulation Material<\/td>\n <td class=\"g\">Water-tree-resistant XLPE (WTR-XLPE)<\/td>\n <td>Water absorption <0.01%; retards water tree propagation under sustained voltage stress<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Insulation Thickness (6.35\/11kV)<\/td>\n <td>3.4 mm (nominal)<\/td>\n <td>Per IEC 60502-2 for Uo\/U = 6.35\/11kV<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Insulation Thickness (11\/11kV)<\/td>\n <td>4.0\u20134.5 mm (nominal)<\/td>\n <td>Increased wall for IT system continuous phase-to-earth stress; adds ~0.5 kg\/m cable weight<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Insulation Screen<\/td>\n <td>Extruded semiconductive XLPE + copper tape<\/td>\n <td>Copper tape provides metallic return path for capacitive charging current and earth fault current<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Core Lay-Up<\/td>\n <td>Three cores laid up with fillers<\/td>\n <td>Fillers shaped to achieve round cable profile for uniform armour wire seating<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Inner Sheath (Bedding)<\/td>\n <td class=\"g\">Non-drip (thixotropic) PCP or PE compound<\/td>\n <td>Anti-drip formulation prevents gravitational migration in vertical installation<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Water-Blocking (Core)<\/td>\n <td class=\"g\">Swellable yarns between cores + swellable tape over core assembly<\/td>\n <td>Longitudinal water seal; blocks groundwater migration from sheath breach<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Inner Armour Layer<\/td>\n <td class=\"g\">Round galvanized steel wire, 2.5\u20133.15mm \u00d8, right-hand lay<\/td>\n <td>Hot-dip galvanized \u2265245 g\/m\u00b2 (Class 3); heavy coating for acidic groundwater resistance<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Outer Armour Layer<\/td>\n <td class=\"g\">Round galvanized steel wire, 2.5\u20133.15mm \u00d8, left-hand lay<\/td>\n <td>Contra-wound to inner layer; cancels torsional moment for vertical suspension<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Water-Blocking (Armour)<\/td>\n <td class=\"g\">Swellable compound between armour wires<\/td>\n <td>Prevents longitudinal water migration through armour wire interstices<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Outer Sheath Material<\/td>\n <td class=\"g\">FR-PCP (Option A) or LSZH (Option B)<\/td>\n <td>IEC 60332-3 Cat A vertical flame test; choose per mine fire safety assessment<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Outer Sheath Thickness<\/td>\n <td>3.0\u20133.5 mm<\/td>\n <td>Mechanical protection during shaft installation handling<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Overall Diameter (6.35\/11kV)<\/td>\n <td>~72\u201380 mm<\/td>\n <td>Verify shaft cable bracket \/ cleat sizing before procurement<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Copper Weight<\/td>\n <td>~1,120 kg\/km<\/td>\n <td>Three power cores; excludes copper tape screen weight<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Steel Armour Weight<\/td>\n <td>~3,200\u20133,800 kg\/km<\/td>\n <td>Both layers combined; dominant contributor to total cable weight<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Total Cable Weight (6.35\/11kV)<\/td>\n <td>~6,500\u20137,500 kg\/km<\/td>\n <td>Plan logistics for ~3,750 kg per 500m drum; verify shaft head crane capacity<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Flame Retardancy<\/td>\n <td>IEC 60332-3 Category A (vertical flame propagation)<\/td>\n <td>Most stringent cable fire test; simulates vertical shaft fire conditions<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n <\/div>\n\n\n \n <h2 id=\"s8\">8. Electrical Parameters and Geothermal Ampacity Derating<\/h2>\n\n <p><strong>Why Geothermal Derating Is the Critical Calculation at Grasberg:<\/strong> The single most common engineering error in specifying shaft cables for deep mines is using surface ambient temperature for ampacity calculation. In a shaft extending 800\u20131,000 meters below surface, the cable passes through a range of ambient temperatures from the surface entry (which at Grasberg’s altitude of 4,000 meters may be as cool as 10\u201315\u00b0C) to the shaft bottom (where geothermal heating and operational heat from the block-cave raise ambient temperature to 45\u201355\u00b0C). The cable ampacity must be calculated for the worst-case (highest) ambient temperature encountered anywhere along the cable route\u2014which is always the shaft bottom. Using surface temperature for the ampacity calculation will result in conductor overtemperature at the shaft bottom, accelerated insulation aging, and premature cable failure in the section of cable where replacement is most difficult and disruptive.<\/p>\n\n <div class=\"tw\">\n <caption>Table 2 \u2014 Electrical Parameters and Ampacity: Type 9 3\u00d7120mm\u00b2 at Various Depths and Ambient Temperatures<\/caption>\n <table>\n <thead>\n <tr>\n <th>Parameter<\/th>\n <th>Specification \/ Value<\/th>\n <th>Condition \/ Notes<\/th>\n <\/tr>\n <\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr>\n <td>Voltage Rating (Uo\/U)<\/td>\n <td>6.35\/11 kV or 11\/11 kV<\/td>\n <td>Select per earthing system; verify with site electrical engineer<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>System Frequency<\/td>\n <td>50 Hz<\/td>\n <td>Indonesian grid standard<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Max Conductor Temperature<\/td>\n <td>90\u00b0C (continuous)<\/td>\n <td>XLPE rated maximum; do not exceed under any derating scenario<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Short-Circuit Temperature (max 5s)<\/td>\n <td>250\u00b0C<\/td>\n <td>Conductor limit during fault clearance<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Ampacity \u2014 25\u00b0C Ambient (Surface Reference)<\/td>\n <td class=\"g\">~315 A<\/td>\n <td>Standard reference; applicable only to shaft collar section at Grasberg altitude<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Ampacity \u2014 35\u00b0C Ambient (Shallow Shaft)<\/td>\n <td>~295 A<\/td>\n <td>Approximate value at 200\u2013300m depth at Grasberg<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Ampacity \u2014 45\u00b0C Ambient (Mid-Shaft)<\/td>\n <td>~270 A<\/td>\n <td>Approximate value at 500\u2013700m depth<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Ampacity \u2014 50\u00b0C Ambient (Deep Shaft)<\/td>\n <td class=\"r\">~255 A<\/td>\n <td>Typical shaft bottom temperature at 800m+ depth at Grasberg<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Ampacity \u2014 55\u00b0C Ambient (Extreme Deep)<\/td>\n <td class=\"r\">~240 A<\/td>\n <td>Hot block-cave zones; consult Feichun Cable for project-specific thermal analysis<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>1-Second Short-Circuit Current<\/td>\n <td>~17.5 kA (120mm\u00b2 Cu)<\/td>\n <td>Verify compatibility with surface 11kV switchgear protection settings<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>DC Resistance @ 20\u00b0C (120mm\u00b2)<\/td>\n <td>~0.153 \u03a9\/km<\/td>\n <td>Plain copper; no tinning penalty for fixed shaft installation<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Positive Sequence Impedance<\/td>\n <td>~0.20 \u03a9\/km (at 50 Hz)<\/td>\n <td>For voltage drop calculation over shaft length<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Capacitance (Phase-to-Earth)<\/td>\n <td>~0.30 \u00b5F\/km (6.35\/11kV) \/ ~0.24 \u00b5F\/km (11\/11kV)<\/td>\n <td>Thicker insulation of 11\/11kV reduces capacitance; relevant for earth-fault current<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Insulation Resistance @ 20\u00b0C<\/td>\n <td>> 5,000 M\u03a9\u00b7km<\/td>\n <td>XLPE; substantially higher than EPR. Monitor annually in shaft service.<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Voltage Drop (800m @ 250A, pf=0.85)<\/td>\n <td>~2.5%<\/td>\n <td>Within acceptable limits for single shaft feed; verify with system study<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"note blue\">\n <div class=\"nt\">Derating Calculation for Grasberg Shaft Engineers<\/div>\n <p>The derating factor formula: <strong>I<sub>derated<\/sub> = I<sub>base<\/sub> \u00d7 \u221a((T<sub>max<\/sub> \u2212 T<sub>ambient<\/sub>) \u00f7 (T<sub>max<\/sub> \u2212 T<sub>base<\/sub>))<\/strong>. For a 50\u00b0C shaft bottom using the 25\u00b0C base ampacity of 315 A: derating factor = \u221a((90\u221250)\u00f7(90\u221225)) = \u221a(40\u00f765) = \u221a0.615 = 0.784. Derated ampacity = 315 \u00d7 0.784 \u2248 247 A. <strong>Critical instruction:<\/strong> measure actual shaft bottom air temperature at the cable installation location during a representative operational period (not during shutdown when ventilation is different). Use the measured 95th-percentile temperature as the design ambient. At Grasberg, block-cave draw zones can produce localized hot spots that exceed the general shaft ambient by 5\u201310\u00b0C; verify that the cable route does not pass through or adjacent to these zones.<\/p>\n <\/div>\n\n <p class=\"cn\">\u5730\u70ed\u964d\u5bb9\u662f\u683c\u62c9\u65af\u4f2f\u683c\u7ad6\u4e95\u7535\u7f06\u9009\u578b\u4e2d\u6700\u5173\u952e\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\u3002\u5728 800 \u7c73\u6df1\u7ad6\u4e95\u5e95\u90e8\uff0c\u73af\u5883\u6e29\u5ea6\u53ef\u8fbe 50\u201355\u00b0C\uff0c\u5c06 3\u00d7120mm\u00b2 \u7535\u7f06\u7684\u8f7d\u6d41\u91cf\u4ece\u6807\u51c6 25\u00b0C \u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b\u7684 ~315A \u964d\u4f4e\u81f3 ~240\u2013255A\u2014\u2014\u524a\u51cf\u7ea6 19\u201324%\u3002\u8bbe\u8ba1\u6e29\u5ea6\u5fc5\u987b\u4ee5\u7ad6\u4e95\u5e95\u90e8\u5b9e\u6d4b\u6700\u9ad8\u6e29\u5ea6\u4e3a\u57fa\u51c6\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u5730\u9762\u6e29\u5ea6\u3002\u5d29\u843d\u6cd5\u5f00\u91c7\u533a\u7684\u5c40\u90e8\u70ed\u70b9\u53ef\u80fd\u4f7f\u73af\u5883\u6e29\u5ea6\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u5347\u9ad8 5\u201310\u00b0C\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n \n <h2 id=\"s9\">9. Mechanical Parameters: Self-Weight Suspension and Seismic Design<\/h2>\n\n <div class=\"tw\">\n <caption>Table 3 \u2014 Mechanical Parameters: Type 9 3\u00d7120mm\u00b2 DWA for Vertical Shaft Installation<\/caption>\n <table>\n <thead>\n <tr>\n <th>Mechanical Parameter<\/th>\n <th>Specification<\/th>\n <th>Field Guidance<\/th>\n <\/tr>\n <\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr>\n <td>Cable Weight (6.35\/11kV variant)<\/td>\n <td>~7.0 kg\/m (nominal)<\/td>\n <td>Basis for all self-weight calculations; confirm actual value from production data<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Static Hanging Load (800m)<\/td>\n <td>~5,600 kgf (54.9 kN)<\/td>\n <td>Dead weight at top suspension cleat; verify cleat and bracket capacity<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>DWA Combined Breaking Strength<\/td>\n <td class=\"g\">\u2265 440 kN (2.5mm wire) \/ \u2265 580 kN (3.15mm wire)<\/td>\n <td>Minimum armour breaking strength; both layers combined<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Static Safety Factor (800m, 2.5mm wire)<\/td>\n <td class=\"g\">\u2265 8.0\u00d7<\/td>\n <td>440 kN \u00f7 54.9 kN \u2248 8.0; meets mining best practice<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Seismic Dynamic Load Addition<\/td>\n <td>+15\u201330% of static load<\/td>\n <td>At 0.2g horizontal PGA; verify with site seismic hazard assessment<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Safety Factor Including Seismic (800m)<\/td>\n <td class=\"g\">\u2265 6.2\u00d7 (at 30% seismic addition)<\/td>\n <td>440 kN \u00f7 (54.9 \u00d7 1.30) = 440 \u00f7 71.4 \u2248 6.2\u00d7; still above 6\u00d7 minimum<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Maximum Recommended Shaft Depth (2.5mm wire)<\/td>\n <td>~850 m<\/td>\n <td>Maintaining \u22656\u00d7 safety factor with seismic margin<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Maximum Recommended Shaft Depth (3.15mm wire)<\/td>\n <td class=\"g\">~1,100 m<\/td>\n <td>For deepest Grasberg installations; 580 kN armour strength<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Minimum Bending Radius (Installation)<\/td>\n <td>15 \u00d7 OD (~1,200 mm)<\/td>\n <td>During threading through shaft; do not bend tighter at sheaves or entry points<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Minimum Bending Radius (Fixed, Installed)<\/td>\n <td>12 \u00d7 OD (~960 mm)<\/td>\n <td>At shaft collar bend-off and underground distribution entry points<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Cleat Spacing (Vertical)<\/td>\n <td>1.5\u20133.0 m (recommended)<\/td>\n <td>Closer spacing at shaft collar where cable tension is greatest; wider spacing at lower sections<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Net Torsional Moment (DWA, balanced)<\/td>\n <td class=\"g\">\u2248 0 (contra-wound balance)<\/td>\n <td>Cable does not rotate under tension; SWA comparison: significant torque causes rotation<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Installation Pull Tension (Maximum)<\/td>\n <td>Per manufacturer’s installation guide<\/td>\n <td>Coordinate with Feichun Cable for shaft-specific installation tensioning protocol<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"note amber\">\n <div class=\"nt\">Critical Installation Note \u2014 Suspension Cleat Design<\/div>\n <p>The shaft collar suspension cleat is the single most critical hardware item in the shaft cable installation. This cleat must support the full static weight of the cable plus dynamic loads from seismic events, wind loading within the shaft, and installation acceleration forces. The cleat must grip the cable’s outer sheath and armour without damaging them, distribute the clamping force uniformly around the cable circumference to prevent insulation deformation, and be fabricated from materials compatible with the shaft environment (stainless steel or hot-dip galvanized structural steel for corrosion resistance). Feichun Cable provides cleat design recommendations and maximum cleat spacing calculations for each shaft cable project. Do not use generic cable cleats designed for horizontal installation; vertical shaft cleats must be specifically engineered for the gravitational loads involved.<\/p>\n <\/div>\n\n\n \n <h2 id=\"s10\">10. Structural Cross-Section: Layer-by-Layer Construction Analysis<\/h2>\n\n <p>Understanding the radial construction of the Type 9 11kV DWA shaft cable\u2014from the conductor center to the outermost sheath\u2014reveals how each layer contributes to the cable’s ability to survive decades of vertical service in the Grasberg environment.<\/p>\n\n <p><strong>Layer 1 \u2014 Copper Conductor (Class 2 Stranded):<\/strong> The 120mm\u00b2 copper conductor at each core’s center is stranded to Class 2 (IEC 60228), providing sufficient flexibility for installation handling while maintaining the compact cross-section appropriate for a fixed installation. Unlike reeling cables that require Class 5 highly flexible stranding, shaft cables need only moderate flexibility because they are installed once and never flexed in service. Class 2 stranding uses fewer, larger-diameter wires than Class 5, resulting in a slightly smaller conductor diameter and better current distribution. For shaft installations, plain (untinned) copper is standard because the conductor is permanently sealed within the insulation system and not exposed to ambient atmosphere. The cost saving compared to tinned copper is redirected to the enhanced armour galvanization that provides greater value in the shaft cable context.<\/p>\n\n <p><strong>Layer 2 \u2014 Conductor Screen (Extruded Semiconductive XLPE):<\/strong> A thin layer of carbon-loaded semiconductive XLPE is extruded directly onto the conductor surface, bonded intimately to both the conductor and the insulation. This screen eliminates microscopic air gaps between the conductor and insulation that would otherwise concentrate electrical stress and serve as water-tree initiation sites. In a shaft cable perpetually exposed to groundwater moisture, the integrity of this screen is critical\u2014any void at the conductor-insulation interface becomes a nucleation point for water tree growth under sustained 6.35kV or 11kV electrical stress.<\/p>\n\n <p><strong>Layer 3 \u2014 XLPE Insulation (Water-Tree-Resistant):<\/strong> The primary electrical insulation layer, extruded concentrically around the conductor screen, provides voltage withstand for the cable’s design life. The WTR-XLPE compound incorporates additives that fill the molecular-scale pathways through which water trees propagate, dramatically slowing tree growth rate compared to standard XLPE. In laboratory accelerated aging tests, WTR-XLPE maintains dielectric integrity three to five times longer than standard XLPE under equivalent moisture and voltage stress conditions. For a shaft cable expected to provide 25\u201330 years of service in a wet environment under continuous voltage stress, this extended water-tree resistance is essential.<\/p>\n\n <p><strong>Layer 4 \u2014 Insulation Screen (Extruded Semiconductive XLPE + Copper Tape):<\/strong> The outer surface of the insulation is covered by an extruded semiconductive screen and a helically wound copper tape. The semiconductive layer ensures uniform electrical field distribution at the insulation outer surface (preventing surface discharge), while the copper tape provides a metallic return path for capacitive charging current and earth-fault current. In three-core cable configurations where the three insulated cores are laid up together, each core’s copper tape screen is electrically connected to form the cable’s earth return system. The copper tape also provides a degree of electromagnetic screening.<\/p>\n\n <p><strong>Layer 5 \u2014 Core Assembly with Fillers and Water-Blocking:<\/strong> The three screened power cores are laid up together with profiled fillers that produce a circular cable cross-section. Swellable water-blocking yarns are incorporated between the cores and around the assembly, and a swellable tape is wound over the complete core assembly before the inner sheath is applied. This water-blocking system seals the spaces between cores against longitudinal water migration\u2014critical in a shaft cable where groundwater can enter at any point along the shaft and would otherwise travel freely along the cable interior.<\/p>\n\n <p><strong>Layer 6 \u2014 Inner Sheath \/ Bedding (Non-Drip Compound):<\/strong> An extruded sheath of PCP or polyethylene, formulated with thixotropic (non-drip) properties, is applied over the core assembly. This sheath serves as mechanical bedding between the core assembly and the inner armour layer, preventing the armour wires from pressing directly into the insulation screens. The non-drip formulation ensures that the bedding compound does not migrate downward under gravity over the cable’s service life, maintaining uniform protection from shaft collar to shaft bottom.<\/p>\n\n <p><strong>Layer 7 \u2014 Inner Armour Layer (Right-Hand Lay):<\/strong> The first layer of round galvanized steel wires is applied helically with a right-hand (clockwise) lay. The wires are tightly packed around the bedded core, with interstices filled by water-blocking compound. The wire diameter (2.5mm or 3.15mm) is selected based on the required tensile capacity for the specific shaft depth. Under vertical tensile load, this layer generates a clockwise torque.<\/p>\n\n <p><strong>Layer 8 \u2014 Outer Armour Layer (Left-Hand Lay):<\/strong> The second layer of galvanized steel wires is applied over the inner layer with a left-hand (counter-clockwise) lay. The contra-wound direction generates a counter-clockwise torque that opposes the inner layer’s torque, producing near-zero net torsional moment on the cable. The outer armour also provides additional mechanical impact protection. Water-blocking compound fills the interstices between the outer armour wires.<\/p>\n\n <p><strong>Layer 9 \u2014 Outer Sheath (FR-PCP or LSZH):<\/strong> The outermost layer is a 3.0\u20133.5mm extruded sheath of fire-retardant PCP or LSZH compound. This sheath provides primary environmental protection, fire performance, and the surface on which cable identification markings are printed. The sheath is formulated for resistance to the Grasberg shaft environment: acid-resistant to pH 2.5, UV-stable (for the surface section of the shaft cable between the winder house and shaft collar), and fungal-resistant. The sheath color and marking include voltage designation, conductor configuration, manufacturer identification, and year of manufacture as required by AS\/NZS 1802.<\/p>\n\n <p class=\"cn\">\u4ece\u5bfc\u4f53\u5230\u62a4\u5957\u5171\u4e5d\u5c42\u7ed3\u6784\u5404\u53f8\u5176\u804c\uff1a\u94dc\u5bfc\u4f53\u4f20\u5bfc\u7535\u529b\uff0c\u534a\u5bfc\u4f53\u5c4f\u853d\u6d88\u9664\u7535\u573a\u96c6\u4e2d\u548c\u6c34\u6811\u679d\u840c\u53d1\u70b9\uff0c\u8010\u6c34\u6811 XLPE \u7edd\u7f18\u5728\u6d78\u6c34\u548c\u7535\u538b\u5e94\u529b\u4e0b\u4fdd\u6301\u4ecb\u7535\u5f3a\u5ea6\u6570\u5341\u5e74\uff0c\u963b\u6c34\u586b\u5145\u548c\u81a8\u80c0\u5e26\u5728\u4e09\u4e2a\u5c42\u7ea7\u5c01\u5835\u7eb5\u5411\u6c34\u5206\u6269\u6563\uff0c\u9632\u6ef4\u843d\u5185\u62a4\u5957\u5728\u5782\u76f4\u5b89\u88c5\u4e2d\u4e0d\u56e0\u91cd\u529b\u8fc1\u79fb\uff0c\u53cc\u5c42\u53cd\u5411\u7ede\u5408\u9540\u950c\u94a2\u4e1d\u94e0\u88c5\u63d0\u4f9b\u6297\u62c9\u5f3a\u5ea6\u548c\u626d\u77e9\u5e73\u8861\uff0c\u963b\u71c3\u5916\u62a4\u5957\u901a\u8fc7\u6700\u4e25\u683c\u7684\u5782\u76f4\u71c3\u70e7\u6d4b\u8bd5\u3002\u6bcf\u4e00\u5c42\u90fd\u662f\u6df1\u7ad6\u4e95\u751f\u5b58\u94fe\u7684\u5173\u952e\u73af\u8282\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n \n <h2 id=\"s11\">11. Single Wire Armour vs. Double Wire Armour: Why SWA Fails in Deep Shafts<\/h2>\n\n <div class=\"tw\">\n <caption>Table 4 \u2014 Feature Comparison: SWA vs. DWA for Shaft Cable Installation<\/caption>\n <table>\n <thead>\n <tr>\n <th>Design Feature<\/th>\n <th>Single Wire Armour (SWA)<\/th>\n <th>Double Wire Armour (DWA)<\/th>\n <th>Why DWA Is Required at Grasberg<\/th>\n <\/tr>\n <\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr>\n <td>Armour Layers<\/td>\n <td class=\"r\">One layer, single direction<\/td>\n <td class=\"g\">Two layers, contra-wound<\/td>\n <td>Double cross-section for tensile capacity; torsional balance<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Tensile Capacity (11kV 3\u00d7120mm\u00b2)<\/td>\n <td class=\"r\">~200\u2013250 kN (typical)<\/td>\n <td class=\"g\">~440\u2013580 kN<\/td>\n <td>800m cable self-weight requires \u2265440 kN for 8\u00d7 safety factor<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Maximum Shaft Depth (8\u00d7 safety factor)<\/td>\n <td class=\"r\">~300\u2013400 m<\/td>\n <td class=\"g\">~850\u20131,100 m<\/td>\n <td>Grasberg shaft depths exceed 800m; SWA cannot reach working levels<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Torsional Balance<\/td>\n <td class=\"r\">Net torque present; cable rotates under tension<\/td>\n <td class=\"g\">Near-zero net torque; torsionally balanced<\/td>\n <td>SWA rotation damages internal core geometry; DWA prevents rotation<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Seismic Load Margin<\/td>\n <td class=\"r\">Minimal margin above static load<\/td>\n <td class=\"g\">Substantial margin; absorbs 15\u201330% dynamic addition<\/td>\n <td>Papua Ring of Fire seismicity requires dynamic load absorption<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Cable Weight (11kV 3\u00d7120mm\u00b2)<\/td>\n <td>~4.5\u20135.5 kg\/m<\/td>\n <td>~6.5\u20137.5 kg\/m<\/td>\n <td>DWA is heavier, but the additional armour provides the strength to support this weight<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Cost<\/td>\n <td>Baseline<\/td>\n <td>+25\u201335% over SWA<\/td>\n <td>Premium is irrelevant: SWA physically cannot serve Grasberg depths safely<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Corrosion Redundancy<\/td>\n <td class=\"r\">Single layer; corrosion of outer wires directly reduces full capacity<\/td>\n <td class=\"g\">Two layers; outer layer protects inner layer; degradation is gradual<\/td>\n <td>In Grasberg’s aggressive groundwater, outer armour layer shields inner layer<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Horizontal\/Shallow Installation<\/td>\n <td class=\"g\">Suitable \u2014 adequate for non-vertical service<\/td>\n <td>Over-specified for horizontal runs<\/td>\n <td>Use SWA for horizontal underground distribution; DWA only for shaft\/steep decline<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n <\/div>\n\n <p>The decision between SWA and DWA is not a cost optimization question at Grasberg shaft depths\u2014it is a binary engineering requirement. Single wire armour is physically incapable of safely supporting an 11kV 3\u00d7120mm\u00b2 cable over 800 meters of vertical drop with the safety factors required by mining regulations and engineering best practice. Attempting to install SWA cable in a Grasberg shaft would either require intermediate suspension points (adding complexity, failure modes, and maintenance access requirements in a shaft where access is extremely limited) or accepting a dangerously low safety factor that would be rejected by any competent mine electrical engineer. Double wire armour is the only technically viable solution for deep shaft installation, and its cost premium is a mechanical necessity, not a discretionary specification enhancement.<\/p>\n\n <p class=\"cn\">\u5728\u683c\u62c9\u65af\u4f2f\u683c\u7ad6\u4e95\u6df1\u5ea6\u4e0b\uff0cSWA \u4e0e DWA \u4e4b\u95f4\u4e0d\u662f\u6210\u672c\u4f18\u5316\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4e8c\u9009\u4e00\u7684\u5de5\u7a0b\u5fc5\u8981\u6027\u3002\u5355\u5c42\u94e0\u88c5\u5728\u8d85\u8fc7 300\u2013400 \u7c73\u7684\u5782\u76f4\u5b89\u88c5\u4e2d\u65e0\u6cd5\u63d0\u4f9b\u6240\u9700\u7684\u5b89\u5168\u7cfb\u6570\uff0c\u4e14\u5176\u5355\u5411\u626d\u77e9\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u7535\u7f06\u5728\u7ad6\u4e95\u4e2d\u65cb\u8f6c\u3002\u53cc\u5c42\u53cd\u5411\u7ede\u5408\u94e0\u88c5\u662f\u6df1\u7ad6\u4e95\u5b89\u88c5\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u6280\u672f\u53ef\u884c\u65b9\u6848\u2014\u2014\u5176\u6210\u672c\u6ea2\u4ef7\uff0825\u201335%\uff09\u662f\u673a\u68b0\u5fc5\u9700\u54c1\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u53ef\u9009\u5347\u7ea7\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n \n <h2 id=\"s12\">12. Procurement Strategy, Papua Logistics, and Why Feichun Cable<\/h2>\n\n <div class=\"note green\">\n <div class=\"nt\">The Grasberg Procurement Challenge \u2014 And How to Solve It<\/div>\n <p><strong>The logistics problem:<\/strong> Freeport Indonesia’s Grasberg mine is one of the most logistically challenging mine sites in the world. Heavy cargo reaches the site via sea freight to Amamapare port (PT Freeport Indonesia’s dedicated logistics terminal on Papua’s south coast), followed by overland transport on the company’s private road system climbing from sea level to approximately 4,000 meters elevation over roughly 100 kilometers of mountain road. Cable drums are heavy (3,500\u20134,000 kg per 500m drum for DWA shaft cable), dimensionally large, and must arrive at the shaft collar intact and undamaged after sea transit, port handling, and mountain road transport. Damaged cable cannot be repaired at site\u2014it must be shipped back to the factory or scrapped. Every procurement decision must account for this logistics reality: long lead times (16\u201322 weeks total including production, sea freight, and overland delivery), limited ability to expedite emergency orders, and the critical importance of getting the specification correct the first time to avoid expensive re-orders.<\/p>\n\n <p><strong>The specification problem:<\/strong> Standard European cable manufacturers produce DWA cables for temperate environments with standard galvanization, standard XLPE, and PVC or standard PCP sheaths. These cables are not engineered for Grasberg’s combination of aggressive groundwater chemistry, extreme depth, seismic loading, and shaft fire propagation risk. Ordering a custom specification from a European manufacturer adds 8\u201312 weeks of engineering review and approval to an already lengthy production cycle. Australian manufacturers stock DWA cables closer to the required specification, but typically at 6.6\/6.6kV or 6.35\/11kV ratings with Australian-standard galvanization levels that may not provide adequate corrosion life in Grasberg’s sulfide-laden groundwater.<\/p>\n\n <p><strong>Feichun Cable’s solution:<\/strong> Anhui Feichun Special Cable Co., Ltd. manufactures the deep-mine Type 9 11kV DWA as a purpose-built production specification with heavy galvanization (\u2265245 g\/m\u00b2 Class 3), WTR-XLPE insulation, three-level longitudinal water-blocking, non-drip bedding, and fire-retardant outer sheath as standard features\u2014not custom add-ons. Production lead time is 12\u201316 weeks. Shipping to Amamapare port from Chinese ports is 10\u201314 days via direct freight routes, substantially shorter than European or Australian shipping times. Total procurement cycle from order confirmation to arrival at Grasberg shaft collar: 16\u201322 weeks. For established repeat customers, pre-positioned raw materials can reduce production lead time to 10\u201312 weeks.<\/p>\n <\/div>\n\n <h3>Why Feichun Cable for Freeport Indonesia Shaft Cable Projects<\/h3>\n\n <p><strong>Depth-Specific Armour Engineering:<\/strong> Feichun Cable does not apply a generic DWA configuration to all shaft cables. For each project, the armour wire diameter, lay length, lay direction, and galvanization specification are calculated based on the specific shaft depth, cable weight, seismic hazard level, and groundwater chemistry data provided by the mine. This project-specific engineering ensures that the torsional balance is optimized for the actual installation load, the safety factor meets or exceeds the mine’s engineering standards at the specific shaft depth, and the galvanization weight provides adequate corrosion life for the site’s groundwater chemistry. The engineering calculation package is provided to the mine’s electrical engineering team for independent verification before production commences.<\/p>\n\n <p><strong>Dual-Standard Compliance:<\/strong> Feichun Cable manufactures the Type 9 shaft cable in compliance with both AS\/NZS 1802 and IEC 60502-2, providing the dual-standard certification that international mining companies operating in Indonesia typically require. Type test certificates, routine test reports, and material traceability documentation are provided with each shipment in English and formatted to meet the documentation standards of major international mining companies.<\/p>\n\n <p><strong>Fire Test Certification:<\/strong> Complete IEC 60332-3 Category A vertical flame propagation test certificates are provided for each cable configuration and sheath variant (FR-PCP and LSZH). These test certificates are essential for Grasberg’s shaft fire safety documentation and mine safety regulatory compliance. Feichun Cable maintains current test certificates from accredited third-party testing laboratories.<\/p>\n\n <p><strong>Drum and Packaging for Papua Logistics:<\/strong> Cable drums are constructed to withstand the handling stresses of Amamapare port discharge and mountain road transport. Drums are steel-reinforced, fitted with protective lagging, and wrapped with weatherproof protection against tropical rainfall during transit and port-side storage. Drum dimensions are coordinated with the mine’s transport fleet (flatbed truck deck dimensions, crane hook height, shaft collar laydown area) to ensure that drums can be transported from port to shaft collar without repackaging or transshipment delays.<\/p>\n\n <p><strong>Installation Engineering Support:<\/strong> Feichun Cable provides shaft cable installation engineering support including maximum installation tension calculations, recommended winch speed and braking parameters, shaft collar suspension cleat design and material specifications, intermediate cleat spacing calculations based on shaft profile and seismic requirements, cable termination guidance for connection to 11kV switchgear, and post-installation testing protocols (insulation resistance, partial discharge baseline measurement, armour continuity verification). This support is provided as part of the cable supply package, not as a separately charged consulting service.<\/p>\n\n <p class=\"cn\">\u98de\u7eaf\u7535\u7f06\u5c06\u6df1\u4e95 Type 9 11kV DWA \u4f5c\u4e3a\u6807\u51c6\u4ea7\u54c1\u89c4\u683c\u751f\u4ea7\u2014\u2014\u91cd\u9540\u950c\u94e0\u88c5\u3001\u8010\u6c34\u6811 XLPE\u3001\u4e09\u7ea7\u963b\u6c34\u3001\u9632\u6ef4\u843d\u5185\u62a4\u5957\u548c\u963b\u71c3\u5916\u62a4\u5957\u5747\u4e3a\u6807\u51c6\u914d\u7f6e\u3002\u751f\u4ea7\u5468\u671f 12\u201316 \u5468\uff0c\u4ece\u4e2d\u56fd\u6e2f\u53e3\u5230\u963f\u739b\u9a6c\u5e15\u96f7\u6e2f\u6d77\u8fd0 10\u201314 \u5929\uff0c\u603b\u91c7\u8d2d\u5468\u671f 16\u201322 \u5468\u3002\u98de\u7eaf\u7535\u7f06\u4e3a\u6bcf\u4e2a\u9879\u76ee\u63d0\u4f9b\u57fa\u4e8e\u5b9e\u9645\u7ad6\u4e95\u6df1\u5ea6\u3001\u5730\u9707\u5371\u9669\u6027\u548c\u5730\u4e0b\u6c34\u5316\u5b66\u6570\u636e\u7684\u94e0\u88c5\u5de5\u7a0b\u8ba1\u7b97\uff0c\u5e76\u63d0\u4f9b AS\/NZS 1802 \u548c IEC 60502-2 \u53cc\u6807\u51c6\u5408\u89c4\u8ba4\u8bc1\u3001IEC 60332-3 Cat A \u5782\u76f4\u71c3\u70e7\u6d4b\u8bd5\u8bc1\u4e66\u3001\u4ee5\u53ca\u4ece\u7ebf\u76d8\u5305\u88c5\u5230\u5b89\u88c5\u6307\u5bfc\u7684\u5168\u6d41\u7a0b\u6280\u672f\u652f\u6301\u3002<\/p>\n\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"contact\">\n <h3>Contact Anhui Feichun Special Cable Co., Ltd. \u2014 Deep Mine Shaft Cable Engineering Specialists<\/h3>\n <div class=\"cg\">\n <div class=\"ci\">\n <span class=\"lb\">Shaft Cable Engineering & BOM Support<\/span>\n <a href=\"mailto:tech@feichuncables.com\">tech@feichuncables.com<\/a>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"ci\">\n <span class=\"lb\">Indonesia & Papua Mining Sales<\/span>\n <a href=\"mailto:mining@feichuncables.com\">mining@feichuncables.com<\/a>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"ci\">\n <span class=\"lb\">AS\/NZS & IEC Standards Compliance<\/span>\n <a href=\"mailto:sales@feichuncables.com\">sales@feichuncables.com<\/a>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"ci\">\n <span class=\"lb\">Emergency Support \u2014 WhatsApp\/WeChat<\/span>\n <a href=\"https:\/\/wa.me\/8613855123218\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">+86 138-5512-3218<\/a>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <footer class=\"ft\">\n <p>© 2026 Anhui Feichun Special Cable Co., Ltd. \u2014 All rights reserved.<\/p>\n <p>Building A, Private Science & Technology Park, Hefei Economic and Technological Development Zone, Anhui Province, China.<\/p>\n <p style=\"margin-top:.5rem;font-size:.7rem;\">AS\/NZS 1802 is a standard of Standards Australia and Standards New Zealand. IEC 60502-2 is a standard of the International Electrotechnical Commission. Freeport-McMoRan and PT Freeport Indonesia are trademarks of their respective owners. All other trademarks referenced are properties of their respective owners. Technical data subject to manufacturing tolerances; confirm final specifications with Feichun Cable engineering team before procurement.<\/p>\n <\/footer>\n\n<\/article>\n<\/body>\n<\/html>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Anhui Feichun Special Cable Co., Ltd. (\u98de\u7eaf\u7279\u79cd\u7535\u7f06) is a China-based manufacturer of special-purpose cables serving underground and surface mining operations worldwide. The company is headquartered in Hefei, Anhui Province, within the Hefei Economic and Technological Development Zone\u2014a national-level industrial district that clusters advanced manufacturing, logistics infrastructure, and materials science research. Feichun’s core business is designing, manufacturing, testing, and exporting mining cables that comply with the major international and regional standards governing electrical cable use in hazardous mining environments: AS\/NZS 1802 (Australian\/New Zealand), GOST 31945-2012 (Russian Federation and CIS nations), IEC 60502 (International Electrotechnical Commission), and GB\/T 12972 (Chinese national standard).\n\u5b89\u5fbd\u98de\u7eaf\u7279\u79cd\u7535\u7f06\u6709\u9650\u516c\u53f8\u662f\u4e00\u5bb6\u603b\u90e8\u4f4d\u4e8e\u5b89\u5fbd\u5408\u80a5\u7684\u7279\u79cd\u7535\u7f06\u5236\u9020\u5546\uff0c\u4e13\u6ce8\u4e8e\u4e3a\u5168\u7403\u5730\u4e0b\u548c\u9732\u5929\u77ff\u5c71\u63d0\u4f9b\u77ff\u7528\u7535\u7f06\u3002\u516c\u53f8\u6838\u5fc3\u4e1a\u52a1\u6db5\u76d6\u6309\u7167AS\/NZS 1802\uff08\u6fb3\u65b0\u6807\u51c6\uff09\u3001GOST 31945-2012\uff08\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u8054\u90a6\u53ca\u72ec\u8054\u4f53\u6807\u51c6\uff09\u3001IEC 60502\uff08\u56fd\u9645\u7535\u5de5\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u6807\u51c6\uff09\u548cGB\/T 12972\uff08\u4e2d\u56fd\u56fd\u5bb6\u6807\u51c6\uff09\u5236\u9020\u3001\u6d4b\u8bd5\u548c\u51fa\u53e3\u77ff\u7528\u7535\u7f06\u3002\nWhat distinguishes Feichun from generic Chinese cable manufacturers is specialization. The Chinese cable industry is vast\u2014China produces roughly forty percent of the world’s electrical cable by volume\u2014but the overwhelming majority of Chinese cable factories manufacture commodity-grade building wire, power distribution cable, and communication cable. These products do not require the specialized rubber compounds, multi-core architectures, pilot conductor integration, or extreme-environment material formulations that mining cables demand. Feichun operates exclusively in the specialized mining cable segment, where material science, structural engineering, and regulatory compliance create meaningful barriers to entry. This specialization is not a marketing claim; it is visible in the factory’s production equipment (purpose-built rubber compounding lines, multi-core cabling machines, high-voltage test stations), in its technical staff (engineers with mining cable formulation experience rather than generic cable production backgrounds), and in its customer base (mining companies and mining equipment OEMs rather than construction contractors or electrical distributors).","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":8713,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"csco_singular_sidebar":"left","csco_page_header_type":"title","csco_page_load_nextpost":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[222,66],"tags":[46974,46958,46980,1674,46989,46975,46969,46961,46957,46988,46964,46962,33017,46987,46972,46960,46406,46991,46994,46966,46965,152,46978,46968,46981,47004,46963,46996,46979,46986,46984,46983,46990,46956,46976,1091,46977,47003,46959,47005,47002,46973,46995,46998,46993,46967,46971,46970,47000,46982],"class_list":["post-8712","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-as-nzs-1802-reeling-cables-for-underground-mining","category-common-problems-encountered-in-cable-applications","tag-11kv-3-core-mining-spec-cable","tag-11kv-dwa-copper-cable","tag-11kv-medium-voltage-cable","tag-11kv-mining-cable","tag-11kv","tag-46975","tag-46969","tag-3-core-120sqmm-dwa-cable","tag-3x120mm-armoured-cable","tag-3x120mm-mv-power-cable","tag-3x120mm","tag-46962","tag-anti-torsion-mining-cable","tag-borehole-power-cable","tag-deep-mine-installation-cable","tag-double-steel-wire-armoured-cable","tag-double-wire-armour-cable","tag-dwa-shaft-cable","tag-freeport-grasberg-cable-requirements","tag-freeport-indonesia-cable-specs","tag-freeport-mine-approved-cable","tag-heavy-duty-mining-cable","tag-high-tensile-shaft-cable","tag-indonesia-mining-cable-supplier","tag-medium-voltage-mining-power-transmission","tag-mine-shaft-power-distribution","tag-ptfi-standard-mining-cable","tag-rockburst-resistant-mining-cable","tag-shaft-sinking-power-cable","tag-sub-surface-mining-power-cable","tag-type-9-11kv-cable","tag-type-9-11kv-","tag-type-9-double-wire-armour","tag-type-9-shaft-cable","tag-type-9-","tag-underground-mining-cable","tag-vertical-shaft-power-cable","tag-vertical-suspension-mining-cable","tag-xlpe-dwa-mining-cable","tag-47005","tag-47002","tag-46973","tag-46995","tag-46998","tag-46993","tag-46967","tag-46971","tag-46970","tag-47000","tag-46982","cs-entry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/feichuncables.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8712","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/feichuncables.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/feichuncables.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/feichuncables.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/feichuncables.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8712"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/feichuncables.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8712\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8715,"href":"https:\/\/feichuncables.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8712\/revisions\/8715"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/feichuncables.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/8713"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/feichuncables.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8712"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/feichuncables.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=8712"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/feichuncables.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=8712"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}

{"id":8712,"date":"2026-03-09T14:57:56","date_gmt":"2026-03-09T06:57:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/feichuncables.com\/blog\/?p=8712"},"modified":"2026-03-09T14:58:00","modified_gmt":"2026-03-09T06:58:00","slug":"as-nzs-1802-type-9-11kv-3x120mm%c2%b2-double-wire-armour-shaft-cable-for-deep-mine-installations-freeport-indonesia-grasberg-specification-procurement-guide","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/feichuncables.com\/blog\/as-nzs-1802-type-9-11kv-3x120mm%c2%b2-double-wire-armour-shaft-cable-for-deep-mine-installations-freeport-indonesia-grasberg-specification-procurement-guide\/","title":{"rendered":"AS\/NZS 1802 Type 9 11kV 3\u00d7120mm\u00b2 Double Wire Armour Shaft Cable for Deep Mine Installations: Freeport Indonesia Grasberg Specification & Procurement Guide"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Contra-Wound Galvanized Steel DWA for Vertical Suspension Exceeding 800 Meters. Self-Weight Suspension Engineering, Seismic Load Design Margin, Aggressive Copper-Bearing Groundwater Resistance, Fire-Propagation-Resistant Sheath for Shaft Chimney-Effect Environments. Why Freeport Indonesia’s Grasberg Underground Block-Cave Operations Require Purpose-Engineered Shaft Cables That Standard Fixed-Installation Designs Cannot Survive. Full BOM, Ampacity Derating for Geothermal Gradient, IT and Resistance-Grounded Voltage Options, and Papua Logistics Strategy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u53cd\u5411\u7ede\u5408\u9540\u950c\u94a2\u4e1d\u53cc\u5c42\u94e0\u88c5\uff0c\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u8d85\u8fc7 800 \u7c73\u7684\u5782\u76f4\u60ac\u6302\u3002\u81ea\u91cd\u60ac\u6302\u5de5\u7a0b\u8bbe\u8ba1\u3001\u6297\u9707\u8377\u8f7d\u88d5\u5ea6\u3001\u8010\u542b\u94dc\u9178\u6027\u5730\u4e0b\u6c34\u8150\u8680\u3001\u7ad6\u4e95\u70df\u56f1\u6548\u5e94\u73af\u5883\u4e0b\u7684\u963b\u71c3\u62a4\u5957\u3002\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u81ea\u7531\u6e2f\u5370\u5c3c\u683c\u62c9\u65af\u4f2f\u683c\u5730\u4e0b\u5d29\u843d\u6cd5\u91c7\u77ff\u4f5c\u4e1a\u9700\u8981\u6807\u51c6\u56fa\u5b9a\u5b89\u88c5\u7535\u7f06\u65e0\u6cd5\u627f\u53d7\u7684\u4e13\u7528\u7ad6\u4e95\u7535\u7f06\u3002\u5b8c\u6574 BOM \u53c2\u6570\u8868\u3001\u5730\u70ed\u68af\u5ea6\u964d\u5bb9\u8ba1\u7b97\u3001IT \u548c\u7535\u963b\u63a5\u5730\u7535\u538b\u9009\u9879\u3001\u5df4\u5e03\u4e9a\u7269\u6d41\u7b56\u7565\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n